Egyptian triliteral signs

As part of the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs, some hieroglyphs served as phonograms representing one, two, or three consonants, used purely for their consonantal values. This use as phonograms contrasts with use as logograms, where hieroglyphs represent an entire word depicted by the image of the hieroglyph itself that may also have the same one, two, or three consonants.[1][2]

List

The following is a list of hieroglyphs used as phonographs with triconsonantal phonetic values. These forms and their values are from Allen (2014), unless otherwise indicated.[A]

Gardiner Unicode Unicode Transl. Description Notes
E26 U+130F0 𓃰 ꜣbw
W10 U+133BA 𓎺 iꜥb, wsḫ, ḥnt, ḥnw Bowl Allen (2014) has the transliteration ḥnw, others are from Beylage (2018)[3]
O28 U+1327A 𓉺 iwn Column with tendon[4]
M1 U+131AD 𓆭 imꜣ Tree
F44 U+1312F 𓄯 isw, iwꜥ Bone with meat[5] iwꜥ "meat on the bone, haunch"; iwꜥ.w "heir", iwꜥ.t "inheritance";[5] isw "reward, payment"[6]
V37 U+133A9 𓎩 idr Bandage Triliteral in Beylage (2018).[3]
F21 U+13114 𓄔 idn, sḏm Ear
S39 U+132FF 𓋿 ꜥwt Shepherd's crook ꜥw.t "flock"[7]
D34 U+1309A 𓂚 ꜥḥꜣ Arms with shield and mace Triliteral in Beylage (2018).[3]
V12 U+1337C 𓍼 ꜥrq Band of string[8] Triliteral in Beylage (2018).[3] ꜥrq "wise"; ꜥrq "swear an oath"; ꜥrq.y "last day of the month";[9] sꜥrq "complete, finish off"[10]
S42 U+1327A 𓌂 ꜥbꜣ, sḫm ꜥbꜣ-scepter
Aa20 U+13422 𓐢 ꜥpr Bag for clothing[11] ꜥpr "provide, equip", ꜥpr.w "equipment"; ꜥpr.w "jewelry"; ꜥpr.w "crew of a ship"[12]
S34 U+132F9 𓋹 ꜥnḫ Ankh symbol Ideogram for "sandal-strap", as a phonogram, used to represent "life", "live"[2]
P6 U+132A2 𓊢 ꜥḥꜥ Mast
I1 U+13188 𓆈 ꜥšꜣ Lizard
V29 U+1339D 𓎝 wꜣḥ Swab
S40 U+13300 𓌀 wꜣs, wꜣb Was Sceptre
M13 U+131C5 𓇅 wꜣḏ Papyrus Stem
D60 U+130C2 𓃂 wꜥb Foot with water streaming Ideogram for pure or clean. Triliteral in Collier and Manley (1998).[13]
N8 U+131F6 𓇶 wbn Sun with rays
Aa2 U+1340E 𓐎 wḥꜣ Pustule
P4 U+132A0 𓊠 wḥꜥ Boat with net
F25 U+13119 𓄙 wḥm Leg and hoof of an ox
F12 U+1310A 𓄊 wsr Head and neck of jackal
S11 U+132DD 𓋝 wsḫ Broad collar
Aa21 U+13423 𓐣 wḏꜥ
N20 U+13204 𓈄 wḏb, wdb[14] Riverbank
W2 U+133B0 𓎰 bꜣs
H2 U+13180 𓆀 pꜣq Head of a crested bird
H3 U+13181 𓆁 pꜣq Head of spoonbill
F46 U+13132 𓄲 pẖr, dbn Intestine[15] Triliteral in Beylage (2018).[3] pẖr "go around";[16] pẖr.t "prescription, remedy"[17]
N9 U+131F7 𓇷 psḏ Moon
N10 U+131F8 𓇸 psḏ
Aa11 U+13419 𓐙 mꜣꜥ Platform
U4 U+13336 𓌶 mꜣꜥ Triliteral phonogram per Allen's sign list and Beylage (2018).[18][3]
G46 U+13176 𓅶 mꜣw Triliteral phonogram per Allen's sign list and Beylage (2018).[19][3]
G14 U+13150 𓅐 mwt Vulture
V32 U+133A3 𓎣 msn Wicker satchel
S10 U+132DC 𓋜 mḏḥ Fillet
S12 U+132DE 𓋞 nbw Triliteral in Collier and Manley (1998).[13]
F35 U+13124 𓄤 nfr Heart and windpipe
A17 U+13014 𓀔 nni Infant
M22 U+131D1 𓇑 nḫb Rush
R8 U+132B9 𓊹 nṯr Cloth on pole
M29 U+131DB 𓇛 nḏm Carob seed-pod
T12 U+13317 𓌗 rwḏ, rwd[20] Bowstring
Aa5 U+13411 𓐑 ḥip Part of a ship Variant with biliteral ḥp.[21]
S38 U+132FE 𓋾 ḥqꜣ Crook
R4 U+132B5 𓊵 ḥtp Bread loaf on mat
Q1 U+132A8 𓊨 ḥtm Seat[22]
T6 U+1330D 𓌍 ḥḏḏ Triliteral phonogram per Allen's sign list.[20]
L1 U+131A3 𓆣 ḫpr Scarab beetle
W17 U+133C3 𓏃 ḫnt
D19 U+13089 𓂉 ḫnt Nose in profile[23] ḫntš "plantation", ḫntš "be glad, rejoice"[24]
S42 U+13302 𓌂 ḫrp
P8 U+132A4 𓊤 ḫrw Oar
U34 U+13359 𓍙 ḫsf Spindle
U35 U+1335A 𓍚 ḫsf Variant of U34[25][26]
W9 U+133B8 𓎸 ẖnm Stone jug
Z9 U+133F4 𓏴 zwꜣ, swꜣ Two sticks crossed[27]
T11 U+13315 𓌕 zwn Arrow[28]
F36 U+13125 𓄥 zmꜣ Lung and windpipe
F28 U+1311C 𓄜 sꜣb Cow's skin[15]
S22 U+132EB 𓋫 sꜣṯ Shoulder knot[29]
S32 U+132F7 𓋷 siꜣ Cloth with fringes[7]
N14 U+131FC 𓇼 sbꜣ, dwꜣ Star
F42 U+1312D 𓄭 spr Rib
S29 U+132F4 𓋴 snb
S31 U+132F6 𓋶 smꜣ Triliteral phonogram per Allen's sign list.[30]
G54 U+1317E 𓅾 snḏ,snd[19] Plucked bird
T31 U+1332B 𓌫 sšm Knife sharpener
T32 U+1332C 𓌬 sšm
U21 U+13349 𓍉 stp Adze and block of wood
V2 U+1336C 𓍬 sṯꜣ Triliteral in Beylage (2018).[3]
Aa32 U+1342E 𓐮 sṯꜣ, stꜣ Bow Triliteral phonogram per Allen's sign list.[31]
A50 U+1303B 𓀻 šps Triliteral in Collier and Manley (1998).[13]
M26 U+131D7 𓇗 šmꜥ Flowering sedge
T18 U+1331E 𓌞 šms Crook with bundle attached
U13 U+13341 𓍁 šnꜥ Plough[32]
O43 U+13290 𓊐 šzp Fence
O42 U+1328F 𓊏 šzp Fence[33]
V6 U+13371 𓍱 šsr Cord with ends up[8]
R5 U+132B6 𓊶 kꜣp Censer for fumigation[22] kꜣp "fumigate"; kꜣp "shelter, hut"[34]
U17 U+13345 𓍅 grg Pick and depression
G4 U+13142 𓅂 tiw Buzzard
S24 U+132ED 𓋭 ṯꜣz Knotted belt[29] ṯꜣs "tie (a knot), knit together"; ṯꜣs "spell, utterance, proverb"[35]
S23 U+132EC 𓋬 dmḏ,dmd[36] Knotted cloth[29] dmḏ "assemble, unite", dmḏ.yt "assembly"; dmḏ "in total"[37]
G27 U+1315F 𓅟 dšr Flamingo[38]
S41 U+13301 𓌁 ḏꜥm Animal-headed staff[7] ḏꜥmw "electrum"[30]
T25 U+13325 𓌥 ḏbꜣ, dbꜣ[18] Reed float

Usage

Triliteral signs could be used by themselves to indicate the consonant sequence they represent, or they could more often be written along with phonetic complements, that is, they could appear with uniliteral signs that represent part of their value.[2][39] Some examples of triliterals with phonetic complementation appear in the table below.

Examples of phonetic complementation with triliterals[40]
Hieroglyph Example Transliteration Meaning

ꜥnḫ 'live'
wḥm 'repeat'
wsr 'strong'

nfr 'good'

stp 'select'

See also

Notes

A.^ See Allen, 2014, pp. 33-34.
  1. ^ Beylage 2018, pp. 15–16.
  2. ^ a b c Allen 2014, p. 33.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Beylage 2018, p. 21.
  4. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 708.
  5. ^ a b Beylage 2018, p. 29.
  6. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 735.
  7. ^ a b c Beylage 2018, p. 713.
  8. ^ a b Beylage 2018, p. 717.
  9. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 739.
  10. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 785.
  11. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 722.
  12. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 738.
  13. ^ a b c Collier & Manley 1998, p. 128.
  14. ^ Allen 2014, p. 487.
  15. ^ a b Beylage 2018, p. 698.
  16. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 27.
  17. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 751.
  18. ^ a b Allen 2014, p. 498.
  19. ^ a b Allen 2014, p. 481.
  20. ^ a b Allen 2014, p. 497.
  21. ^ Allen 2014, p. 506.
  22. ^ a b Beylage 2018, p. 710.
  23. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 693.
  24. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 778.
  25. ^ Allen 2014, p. 500.
  26. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 716.
  27. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 721.
  28. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 714.
  29. ^ a b c Beylage 2018, p. 712.
  30. ^ a b Allen 2014, p. 496.
  31. ^ Allen 2014, p. 507.
  32. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 715.
  33. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 709.
  34. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 800.
  35. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 805.
  36. ^ Allen 2014, p. 495.
  37. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 808.
  38. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 700.
  39. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 26.
  40. ^ Beylage 2018, p. 26, 28.

References

  • Allen, James P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139486354.
  • Beylage, Peter (2018). Middle Egyptian. The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9781575069777.
  • Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (1998). How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Teach Yourself. British Museum Press. ISBN 9780520239494.
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