Coquimbo Formation

Coquimbo Formation
Stratigraphic range: Miocene–Pleistocene,
~
Marine terrace exposing strata of the Coquimbo Formation, at Caleta Los Hornos
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesAlluvium
OverliesBasement
Thickness~100 m (330 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryCoquina, sandstone, mudstone
OtherConglomerate, diatomite, limestone, phosphorite, siltstone
Location
RegionCoquimbo Region
Country Chile
ExtentUnnamed Cretaceous-Neogene basins
Type section
Named forCoquimbo

The Coquimbo Formation (previously known as Piso de Coquimbo or Coquimbo Stufe) is a littoral, sedimentary, and fossiliferous geological formation that chiefly crops out along the coast of the Coquimbo Region, Chile. It is dated back to the Miocene to Middle Pleistocene. The lithology of the formation comprises sands, sandstones, siltstones, limestones, coquinas, and conglomerates. The strata and facies of the Coquimbo Formation reflect a complex marine depositional history, varying from deep to shallow water paleoenvironments controlled by tectonic events and turbulent, successive changes in sea the level that developed large marine terraces within the strata which is recorded in the form of marine transgressions and regressions.

The Coquimbo Formation preserves a rich fossil marine assemblage, including molluscs, barnacles, brachiopods, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals such as cetaceans and aquatic ground sloths. As a whole, the paleoenvironments, and paleofauna of the formation have experienced strong changes and successions through time mainly due to large climatic and tectonic events. In both lithology and fossil content the Coquimbo Formation is very similar to other units of South America, such as the Pisco Formation of Peru or Bahía Inglesa Formation of the Atacama Region, which is also found in Chile.

History

The Coquimbo Formation was first noted by naturalist and researcher Charles Darwin during his visit to Chile aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. Darwin observed prominent sedimentary structures (such as cross-stratification on marine terraces) and marine fossils (cetacean bones, shells, shark teeth, among others) of "Tertiary" age at the coast of the Coquimbo Region, approximately more than 322 km (200 mi) northward of the Navidad coast.[1] In 1985, Steinmann G. analized the marine deposits around the Quiriquina Island of Bay of Concepción with observations to other deposits from Chile. He erected the term "Coquimbo Stufe" for the marine sediments along the coast of Coquimbo.[2] Author Rubén Martínez-Pardo noted that ever since the observations made by Darwin, most of the Neogene northern-central marine deposits of Chile have been wrongly referred to this unit.[3] Ramón Moscoso and team in 1982 published a large geologic map focused on the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile, where they, in view of the confusion regarding the designation of the Coquimbo Formation, proposed to reserve the term Coquimbo Formation for the set of marine sediments located along the coastline between 28° and 30° S of the Coquimbo Region.[4]

Culebrón Park

Strata of the Coquimbo Formation are largely exposed across creeks and slopes of the Culebrón Park (Parque el Culebrón) of the region. Coquinas, sandstones, and other sediments, as well as abundant fossilized mollusks, can be observed all over the park. Despite the paleontological nature of the site, the Culebrón Park has undergone multiple instances of cleaning-up due to pollution caused by littering, with several areas of the park having become littering spots.[5][6]

During the summer of 1984, reforestation work at the area of the Culebrón Park lead by the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) revealed two relatively complete and articulated cetacean skeletons in nearby creeks with outcrops of the Coquimbo Formation. The individuals were unearthed within the same stratigraphic context from yellowish sandstones and some coquinas at a depth no greater than 40 cm (16 in), and set apart from each other by approximately 400 m (1,300 ft). Upon the discovery of such remains, the Archaeological Museum of La Serena was contacted in order to manage the fossils. The museum later reached out to the Chilean National Museum of Natural History for further study.[7]

Photographs of the two fossil cetacean individuals from the Culebrón Park
Line diagram of the cetaceans

Later in 1988, geologist Patricia Z. Salinas published a brief description of the cetaceans and overall discovery, as well as describing the strata of the Coquimbo Formation in which they were found. As stated by Salinas, the cetaceans could not be recovered and studied due to their fragile preservation and were left in field, where consolidation treatments were applied for their protection, pending the establishment of a local museum.[7] In 1991 researchers Jose Yañez and Jhoann Canto made observations regarding the identification of the cetacean fossils, correcting their taxonomic family. In their brief note, the team also criticized the lack of a more meticulous procedure regarding the report and conservation of these valuable fossils, such as the storage of detailed photographs.[8] Though initially reported as "semifossils" by Salinas despite of their age,[7] Yañez and Canto stated that individuals eventually dissociated in the field preventing attempts for future studies.[8]

In 2021 the Geological Society of Chile formally recognized the Culebrón Park as a geositio (lit. geosite), that is, an important locality of either geological or paleontological value. Documentation and petitions were conducted by at-the-time Geology thesist Benjamín A. Araya, who advocated for the recognition and protection of the Culebrón Park. Although the fossiliferous value of the park and implications for the Coquimbo Formation have been in knowledge for a long time, no recognitions had ever been given before.[9][10]

Lomas del Sauce

During the year 2013, geological survey was carried out on a land lot near El Sauce avenue of Coquimbo city, about 2.5 km (8,200 ft) southeast of Bahía Herradura, in the context of the real estate project Lomas del Sauce. As the lineaments progressed, abundant fossil material was discovered from fossiliferous coquinas and sandy silt assigned to the Coquimbo Formation when trial pits were performed on terrain. Out of the 10 trial pits, one yielded two or three semi-articulated cetacean skeletons including a partial skull. The fossils from this locality, mostly represented by mollusks shells and partial sea birds and fish remains, were recovered and excavated by grids, covering an area of about 32 m2. Reported material was set out to be stored at the Sala de Colecciones Biológicas of the Catholic University of the North of Coquimbo.[11]

Soil and sediment characterization of the Lomas del Sauce locality was achieved through the modelling of sub-surfaces and stratigraphic columns. Larger fossils, such as the bones of cetaceans, were extracted and secured in field jackets. Throughout the study of the locality, further fossil taxa was discovered, such as the semi-aquatic ground sloth Thalassocnus, which was previously only known from the similar Pisco Formation and Bahía Inglesa Formation.[12][13] In 2017, the Thalassocnus material was formally described, contributing to the marine mammal record of the Coquimbo Formation. The specimen is now stored within the collections of the Chilean National Museum of Natural History.[14]

Description

The Coquimbo Formation belongs to a discontinuous series of Cretaceous-Neogene sedimentary basins and outcrops of the formation are located across the coasts of the Coquimbo Region, Chile, where multiple marine terraces are exposed. With about 100 m (330 ft) in thickness, the Coquimbo Formation is uncomfortably deposited over mesozoic crystalline basement composed of intrusive rocks. It consists predominantly of yellowish, sometimes phosphatized, sands, sandstones, siltstones, highly bioclastic limestones, coquinas, and conglomerates.[15][16][17] At the locality of Carrizalillo and nearby creeks, unusual sedimentary structures are present, derived from strong tidal wave processes and elutriation.[15]

Depositional environment

Based on the record of foraminiferans at Tongoy, it has been suggested that the deposits at this area were deposited in the lower zone of a continental shelf with relatively warm waters.[3] The sedimentological record from Quebrada Honda preserves data that can reflect two major depositional environments during its history of deposition. Towards the bottom of the sequence, sediments and fossil content (such as cetaceans, brachiopods, bivalves, and gastropods) suggests a low-energy, deep-water marine paleoenvironment with high ecological activity/dynamics. The abundance of phosphorite and marine vertebrates, the contribution of polymictic clasts (of different composition), and angular unconformities from the successive layers of strata of this section, indicates periods of turbulent rising sea levels with the posterior mark of a marine transgression which can also be reflected in the decreasing abundancy of the fossil content towards the roof of the sequence, especially brachiopods. The presence of phosphorite deposits suggests that during the deposition of sediments the environment was subject to marine upwelling, where microorganisms and vertebrate remains precipitated phosphate deposits. Towards the roof the sequence a turbulent deposition can be inferred from the abundant emergence of unconformities as well as conglomerates and coquinas likely derived from the paleofauna of the older, low-energy deposits. These events are interpreted as products from a high energy tsunami or storm tides. Quebrada El Culebrón preserves a similar sedimentological record.[18]

The fossil record of shallow water-based taxa such as Crassostrea, Heterodontus, Incatella or Thalassocnus also suggests a shallow marine environment upon deposition.[19] The foraminiferan fossil assemblage from Bahía de Guanaqueros indicates several changes in sea levels and depositional environments, from neritic to bathyal marine conditions.[20] Constanza A. García in 2019 identified multiple depositional environments during the history of deposition of Quebrada Las Rosas, El Culebrón, and Los Clarines, which were characterized by alternations of marine regressions and transgressions. Many of these depositional environments are reflected in the lithology and taphonomy of fossils, such as coquinas with dissolution of calcareous material or the presence of shallow trace fossils.[21] Diego M. Partarrieu in his 2022 doctorate thesis proposed at least four sedimentary episodes across the localities of Coquimbo, with the two oldest episodes situated in a beach depositional environment, and the two youngest episodes occurring within shallow, intermareal waters. The changes in depositional environments were also followed by rapid faunal turnover and large-scale climatic change.[22]

Taphonomy

The changes in sea level throughout the history of deposition of the Coquimbo Formation have been also important for taphonomic alterations to fossils. At the locality of Quebrada Chañaral the fossils of vertebrates show unusual features such as their nodulization within sediments, iron and phosphate mineralization, and high roundness. In addition, many vertebrate fossils show fragmentation and erosion on their bone surfaces likely originated from long exposure to the environments. These taphonomic features are interpreted as reworking from older fossils that were ultimately deposited in younger sediments due to marine regressions.[23] Similar conditions have reported from other discoveries, such as Thalassocnus from Lomas del Sauce. The specimen was found with most elements in articulation except for the forelimb and pelvis remains, indicating that the skeleton suffered displacement before burial. The in situ unearthing paired with the breaking of some of the bones suggests that these were broken just before or during the burial. Other taphonomic features are reported, such as the development of a phosphatic crust at the bottom of the fossiliferous bed that mineralized most elements, or the attachment of bivalve internal molds and shells onto bones.[14]

Geographic extent

The Coquimbo Formation is largely deposited along the coasts and creeks of the Coquimbo Region. It can be found outcropping from Tongoy city to Caleta Chañaral (and Chañaral de Aceituno). The latter does not form part of the Coquimbo Region and is instead located at the southernmost extension of the Atacama Region, making this area the northernmost extension of the Coquimbo Formation.[15][16][17] In Tongoy, the formation runs across creeks that feature large marine terraces.[17] In Coquimbo, the formation can be traced as far as the Culebrón Park, with a more consistent extent at Quebrada Las Rosas.[24]

Tectonic evolution

In the area of Tongoy, the Coquimbo Formation was deposited in an ancient bay that was formed in a graben or half-graben, with a normal fault dipping east derived from local and regional tectonic movement as recorded in the sedimentary successions and geological structures of this area. The tectonic movement is associated with the subduction of the Juan Fernandez Ridge and a second oceanic plateau which caused the uplifting of the continental crust and changes in the sea level, along with faulting.[17] The marine terraces of the Coquimbo Formation are relatively large sedimentary bodies, and they were carved in these sediments as a result of the Pliocene-Quaternary marine transgressions and regressions that occurred in this area.[3][17] The marine terrace levels at Coquimbo and La Herradura bays preserve unconformities that indicate that they were periodically resedimented during successive high level-sea tides, which is also supported by the aminostratigraphy of mollusks.[25]

Stratigraphy and age

The Coquimbo Formation was sedimented during the Neogene discordantly covering the basament scarps of the region, most notably the northern sector of La Serena, Carrizalillo.[15] It is subdivided into 16 lithostratigraphic units of coastal marine origin. In ascending order these range from Unit 1 to Unit 16. The lowermost unit belongs to the lower Miocene, with the third-deepest unit dated at 11.9 ± 1.0 Ma. The uppermost unit of the formation is estimated at 1.2 Ma.[17]

It is proposed that the Coquimbo Formation is equivalent to the Bahía Inglesa Formation. Both formations show similarities in sedimentation (such as correlation of lithostratigraphic units) and fossil content, and they could represent distinct units of the same geological formation, pending further analyses.[26] In 2024, Benjamín A. Araya and team proposed a division of the Coquimbo Formation intro three members, characterized as a Lower Member of Tortonian-Messinian age composed of yellowish-gray muds and silts with iron and magnesium nodules, diatomites, and fine-grained sands with intercalations of coquina and phosphate deposits; a Medium Member of Messinian-Zanclean age comprising silty sands, silts, floatstone, and conglomerates; and lastly an Upper Member of Zanclean-Piacenzian age including stratified, sand-grained coquinas that are overlaid by rudstones, coarse-grained sands, and matrix-supported coquinas.[27]

Lithostratigraphy of the Coquimbo Formation from Tongoy[17]
Period Epoch Unit Composite age Facies Fossil content (main)
Quaternary Pleistocene 16 ~1.2 ma. Sandstone, limestone. Balanus sp.
15 ~1.4±0.5 ma. Conglomerate, calcareous conglomerate, coquina, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone. Balanus sp., bivalves, Acanthina unicornis, Turritella sp.
14 ~2 ma. Sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone. Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., Turritella sp.
Neogene Pliocene 13 ~4.3 ma. Conglomerate, coquina, sandstone. Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., gastropods.
12 ~5 ma. Coquina, sandstone. Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Chorus sp., Ostrea sp.
Miocene 11 ~5.3 ma. Sandstone, clay. Cetacean bones, Carcharodon carcharias teeth, fish scales, Chlamys hupeanus, Chorus sp., Ostrea sp., Balanus sp.
10 ~6.3 ma. Conglomerate, sandstone. Balanus sp., bivalves, Turritella sp.
9 ~7.3 ma. Sandstone, siltstone, clay. Not recorded.
8 ~9±1.0 ma. Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone. Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., gastropods.
7 ~9.5 ma. Sandstone, siltstone, shale, clay. Gastropods.
6 ~10.1 ma. Conglomerate, coquina, sandstone. Balanus sp., Chlamys sp., Crepidula sp., Ostrea sp.
5 ~10.6 ma. Sandstone, diatomaceous clay, shale. Not recorded.
4 ~11.2 ma. Tuffaceous and diatomaceous clay, siltstone, sandstone, phosphate pebble bed. Cetacean bones, Cosmopolitodus hastalis teeth, fish scales, sponge spicules, bivalves, gastropods.
3 ~11.9±1.0 ma. Coquina, conglomerate. Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Chlamys sp., Mulinia cf. vidali, Ostrea sp., Turritella leptogramma.
2 Not recorded. Brecciated sandstone. Not recorded.
1 ~23?–11 ma. Coquina. Turritella leptogramma.

Paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation

The paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation is extensively similar to those of the Bahía Inglesa and Pisco formations, also sharing similar depositional environments.[14][26] Invertebrates such as molluscs are particularly abundant in the facies of the formation, represented by bivalves and gastropods, and to a lesser extent barnacles. Vertebrates are recurrent faunal components but are usually fragmentary in the record of the Coquimbo Formation, best represented by bird and cetacean remains. Like Bahía and Pisco, fish are well documented, including historically notorious taxa such as the megatoothed Otodus, the extant Carcharodon, and extinct Cosmopolitodus.[28][19] The semiaquatic ground sloth Thalassocnus was otherwise only known from the Pisco Formation, but its fossil record is now reported from numerous geological units across Miocene-Pliocene deposits of South America including Argentina and Chile, specifically the Coquimbo Formation.[14][29] During the Pliocene, the coasts of the Coquimbo Region served as nursery areas for Carcharodon carcharias, as evidenced in the high abundancy of juvenile teeth in multiple fossil localities belonging to the Coquimbo Formation.[19]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Algae

Diatoms

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Actinocyclus A. ellipticus Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A hemidiscacean diatom.
A. octonarius Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A hemidiscacean diatom.
Actinoptychus A. senarius Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A heliopeltacean diatom.
Auliscus A. caelatus Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A triceratiacean diatom.
Coscinodiscus C. divisus Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A coscinodiscacean diatom.
C. oculoiridis Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A coscinodiscacean diatom.
Diploneis D. crabro Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A diploneidacean diatom.
D. pseudobombiformis Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A diploneidacean diatom.
Opephoropsis O. tiltilensis Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A bacillariophycean diatom.
Grammatophora G. angulosa Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A grammatophoracean diatom.
Navicula N. lyra Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A naviculacean diatom.
Plagiogramma P. obesum Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A diatomacean diatom.
Rhaphoneis R. miocenica Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A rhaphoneidacean diatom.
Paralia P. sulcata Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A paraliacean diatom.
P. coronata Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A paraliacean diatom.

Dictyochales

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Mesocena M. elliptica Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A dictyochacean.
Stephanocha S. speculum Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A dictyochacean. Initially reported as Distephanus.[30]

Dinoflagellates

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Actiniscus A. pentasterias Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] An actiniscacean.

Ebriids

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Ammodochium A. rectangulare Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] An ammodochiacean.
Ebriopsis E. antiqua Quebrada Salinas "Shell".[30] A hermisinacean.

Foraminiferans

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Ammonia Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Buccella Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Indeterminate Los Clarines "Eight tests."[22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
B. peruviana Los Clarines "Numerous tests."[22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Buliminella B. elegantissima Bahía de Guanaqueros, Los Clarines "Multiple tests."[22][20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Cibicides Indeterminate Los Clarines "Three tests."[22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Cibicidoides C. bradyi Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Florilus F. grateloupi El Rincón Not specified.[3] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Globigerina G. bulloides Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A planktonic foraminiferan.
G. falconensis Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Globigerinoides G. sicanus El Rincón "Test".[3] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Globobulimina G. pacifica Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Globorotalia Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Gyroidinoides Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Hyalinea Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Karreriella K. bradyi Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Nonionella Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Indeterminate Los Clarines "Multiple tests."[22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
N. auris Los Clarines "Seven tests."[22] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Orbulina O. suturalis El Rincón "Test".[3] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Praeorbulina P. transitoria El Rincón "Test".[3] A planktonic foraminiferan.
Protoglobobulimina P. pupides Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Pseudononion P. communis Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Quinqueloculina Q. incisa Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Sigmomorphina Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Triloculina T. oblonga Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Uvigerina Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] A benthonic foraminiferan.
Virgulinella V. pertusa El Rincón "Tests".[3] A benthonic foraminiferan.

Invertebrates

Barnacles

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
cf. Austromegabalanus A. psittacus Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A balanid barnacle (the giant barnacle).
Balanus B. laevis Not specified. "Small shells."[31] A balanid barnacle.
Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Partial shells and fragments."[17] A balanid barnacle.
Tesseropora T. chilensis Tongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita "Shells."[31] A tetraclitid acorn barnacle.
Verruca V. hermi Tongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita "Shells."[31] A verrucid acorn barnacle.

Bivalves

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Acar A. pusilla Los Clarines "Valves."[22] An arcid bivalve.
Anadara A. chilensis Lomas del Sauce "Valves."[12][14][22] An arcid bivalve.
Anomia Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] An anomiid bivalve.
A. peruvianus Lomas del Sauce "Internal mold."[22] An anomiid bivalve.
Argopecten A. purpuratus Los Clarines "Multiple valves."[22] A pectinid bivalve.
Brachidontes B. granulatus Los Clarines "Valves."[22] A mytilid bivalve.
Indeterminate Los Clarines "Valves."[22] A mytilid bivalve.
Cardium? Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A cardiid bivalve.
cf. "Chlamys" "C." simpsoni Lomas del Sauce "Five specimens."[22] A pectinid bivalve.
Chlamys C. hupeanus Bahía de Tongoy "Partial and complete shells."[17] A pectinid bivalve.
C. simpsoni Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A pectinid bivalve.
C. vidali Tongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita "Shells and valves."[31] A pectinid bivalve.
Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Shells."[17] A pectinid bivalve.
Choromytilus C. chorus Los Clarines "Shell and valves."[22] A mytilid bivalve.
Crassostrea C. transitoria Quebrada Honda, Lomas del Sauce "Valves."[18][12][22] An ostreid bivalve.
Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Numerous valves."[22] An ostreid bivalve.
Cucullaea? Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A cucullaeid bivalve.
Cyclocardia cf. C. compressa Los Clarines "Valves."[22] An carditid bivalve.
Dietotenhosen D. hupeanus Coquimbo, Punta Teatinos, La Serena, Quebrada de Tongoy, Quebrada Romeral, Quebrada Lagunillas, Quebrada Honda "Multiple right and left valves."[32] A pectinid bivalve.
D. remondi Coquimbo, Estancia Tangue (Bahía de Tongoy), Punta Teatinos, Quebrada Herradura, Quebrada Honda "Several right and left valves."[32] A pectinid bivalve.
Ensis E. macha Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Partial internal molds and shells."[22] A pharid bivalve.
Eurhomalea E. cf. lenticularis Los Clarines "Multiple valves."[22] A venerid bivalve.
Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Multiple valve."[22] A venerid bivalve.
Leukoma L. antiqua Los Clarines "Two valves."[22] A venerid bivalve.
L. thaca Los Clarines "One valve."[22] A venerid bivalve.
Indeterminate Los Clarines "One valve."[22] A venerid bivalve.
cf. Mactra Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Molds."[22] A mactrid bivalve.
cf. M. auca Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A mactrid bivalve.
Mesodesma M. donacium Los Clarines "Valves."[22] An mesodesmatid bivalve.
Monia M. alternans Lomas del Sauce "Seven specimens."[22] An anomiid bivalve.
Mulinia Indeterminate Bahía Herradura, Bahía Coquimbo "Shells."[25] A mactrid bivalve.
Indeterminate Los Clarines "Single specimen."[22] A mactrid bivalve.
M. edulis Los Clarines "Multiple valves."[22] A mactrid bivalve.
cf. M. vidali Bahía de Tongoy "Thick shells."[17] A mactrid bivalve.
cf. Nucula Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Two specimens."[12][22] A nuculid bivalve.
Ostrea Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Partial shells."[17] An ostreid bivalve.
Panopea P. coquimbensis Lomas del Sauce "Internal molds."[12][22] A hiatellid bivalve.
Perumytilus P. purpuratus Los Clarines "One valve."[22] A mytilid bivalve.
Petricola P. cf. rugosa Los Clarines "One valve."[22] A venerid bivalve.
Pododesmus P. alternans Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] An anomiid bivalve.
Protothaca Indeterminate Bahía Herradura, Bahía Coquimbo "Shells."[25] A venerid bivalve.
Retrotapes R. exalbidus Coquimbo "Shells and valves."[33] A venerid bivalve.
R. lenticularis Guayacán, Tongoy, Quebrada Chañaral "Valves and hinges."[33] A venerid bivalve.
cf. R. cleryanus Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A venerid bivalve.
cf. R. eunippe Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A venerid bivalve.
Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A venerid bivalve.
Semele S. solida Los Clarines "Single valve."[22] A semelid bivalve.
Indeterminate Los Clarines "Single specimen."[22] A semelid bivalve.
Solen Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A solenid bivalve.
Tagelus T. dombeii Lomas del Sauce "Valves and molds."[12][22] A solecurtid bivalve.
cf. Tellina Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Multiple specimens with shells and molds."[12][22] A tellinid bivalve.
Trachycardium T. procerum Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Molds."[22] A tellinid bivalve.
Zygochlamys Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "One specimen."[22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. coquimbensis Los Clarines "Valves."[22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. hupeanus Lomas del Sauce "Valves."[12][22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. vidali Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Valves."[12][22] A pectinid bivalve.
cf. Z. simpsoni Quebrada Honda "Shell."[18] A pectinid bivalve.

Brachiopods

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Brachiopoda indet. Indeterminate Quebrada Honda "Fragmented shells."[18] A brachiopod.
Magellania M. macrostoma Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A terebratellid brachiopod.

Decapods

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Decapoda indet. Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros "Chelae."[20] A decapod.

Gastropods

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Acanthina A. unicornis Bahía de Tongoy, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Shells."[17][22] A muricid gastropod.
A. monodon Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A muricid gastropod.
cf. A. katzi Quebrada El Culebrón "Shell."[18] A muricid gastropod.
Aeneator? A. cleryanus Lomas del Sauce "Multiple shells with internal molds."[12][22] A buccinid gastropod.
Chlorostoma C. cf. atrum Los Clarines "Partial shells."[22] A tegulid gastropod.
Chorus C. blainvillei Quebrada El Culebrón, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Multiple shells."[18][12][22] A muricid gastropod.
C. cf. covacevichi Los Clarines "Two shells."[22] A muricid gastropod.
C. dorialis Quebrada El Culebrón, Lomas del Sauce "Shells."[18][12][22] A muricid gastropod.
C. grandis Lomas del Sauce "Five shells."[12][14][22] A muricid gastropod.
C. giganteus Los Clarines "Fifteen shells."[22] A muricid gastropod.
Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Partial and complete shells."[17][12][22] A muricid gastropod.
cf. Cirsotrema C. magellanicum Los Clarines "Two shells."[22] A turritellid gastropod.
Concholepas C. concholepas Los Clarines "Three shells."[22] A muricid gastropod.
Crassilabrum C. crassilabrum Los Clarines "Eight shells."[22] A muricid gastropod.
Crepidula Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Shell fragments."[17] A calyptraeid gastropod.
Crepipatella C. dilata Los Clarines "Multiple shells."[22] A calyptraeird gastropod.
Felicioliva F. peruviana Lomas del Sauce "Multiple shells and internal molds."[22] An olivid gastropod.
Fissurella Indeterminate Los Clarines "Two shells."[22] A fissurellid gastropod.
Fusinus cf. F. remondi Quebrada El Culebrón "Shell."[18] A fasciolariid gastropod.
Herminespina H. mirabilis Los Clarines "One shell."[22] A muricid gastropod.
H. philippii Los Clarines "Twelve shells."[22] A muricid gastropod.
Incatella Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Shells."[12][22] A turritellid gastropod.
I. cingulata Los Clarines "Five shells."[22] A turritellid gastropod.
I. cingulatiformis Los Clarines "Fifteen shells."[22] A turritellid gastropod.
Nassarius Indeterminate Los Clarines "Three shells."[22] A buccinid gastropod.
cf. Neverita Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Partial internal mold."[12][22] A naticid gastropod.
Oliva O. peruviana Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] An olivid gastropod.
Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] An olivid gastropod.
Prisogaster P. niger Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Several shells."[22] A turbinid gastropod.
Rissoina R. inca Los Clarines "Two shells."[22] A naticid gastropod.
Trochita T. trochiformis Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines "Multiple shells."[22] A calyptraeird gastropod.
Indeterminate Los Clarines A calyptraeird gastropod.
Turritella T. leptogramma Bahía de Tongoy "Shells and coquinas."[17] A turritellid gastropod.
Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Shells."[17] A turritellid gastropod.
Xanthochorus cf. X. cassidiformis Quebrada El Culebrón "Single shell."[18] A muricid gastropod.

Invertebrate traces

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Macaronichnus M. segregatus Bahía de Tongoy "Small and sinuous burrows."[17] Invertebrate trace fossil.
Ophiomorpha Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Burrows."[17] Invertebrate trace fossil.
Skolithos Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Burrows."[17] Invertebrate trace fossil.
Thalassinoides Indeterminate Bahía de Tongoy "Burrows."[17] Invertebrate trace fossil.

Ostracods

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Ostracoda indet. Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros Not specified.[20] An ostracod.

Vertebrates

Birds

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Diomedeidae indet. Indeterminate Chañaral de Aceituno "Partial right tarsometatarsus."[34] An albatross.
Eudyptes? Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A penguin.
cf. Palaeospheniscus Indeterminate La Cantera "Partial right humerus."[35] A penguin.
Phalacrocorax Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Fragmentary left femur".[11][12] A cormorant.
Spheniscidae indet. Indeterminate La Cantera "Synsacrum fragment."[35] A penguin.
Spheniscus Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo, Chañaral de Aceituno Not specified.[34][36] A penguin.

Cetaceans

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Balaenopteridae indet. Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Two partial skeletons and a single skull."[12] A baleen whale.
Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo "Isolated and sometimes articulated remains."[36] A baleen whale.
Balaenidae indet. Indeterminate Parque El Culebrón "Two partial skeletons with skulls."[8] A baleen whale. Formerly interpreted as balaenopterid whale remains.[7] Reported material was not collected.[8]
Cetacea indet. Indeterminate Puerto de Coquimbo "Four dorsal vertebrae."[37] A whale.
Cetotheriidae indet. Indeterminate Quebrada Carrizalillo "Single basicranium."[38] A baleen whale.
Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo "Isolated and sometimes articulated remains."[36] A baleen whale.
Plesiobalaenoptera P. hubachi Bahía Herradura de Guayacán "Nearly complete skeleton."[39] A baleen whale. Formation of origin not stated, but it is likely the Coquimbo Formation.[40] Previously known as "Megaptera", the species is not related to Megaptera,[41] and is now assigned to Plesiobalaenoptera.[42]
Pliopontos Indeterminate Bahía Herradura "Partial vertebral column and ribs."[43] A toothed whale.
Squalodon? Indeterminate La Herradura "Vertebrae and ribs."[44][45] A toothed whale. Formerly interpreted as Delphinus sp.[44]

Fish

Bony fish
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Carangidae indet. Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo "Mostly vertebrae."[36] A carangid fish.
Elasmobranchii indet. Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros "Teeth."[20] An elasmobranch fish.
Sparus cf. S. aurata Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A sea bream fish (the gilt-head bream).
Teleostei indet. Indeterminate Bahía de Guanaqueros "Teeth."[20] A teleost fish.
Thunnus Indeterminate El Rincón "Single caudal vertebra."[46] A scombrid fish.

Eels

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Genypterus Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] An ophidiid eel.
Rays
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Aetobatus Indeterminate El Rincón "Lower dental plate."[46] A myliobatid ray.
Aetomylaeus Indeterminate Quebrada Honda "Dental plates."[47] A myliobatid ray.
Dasyatis Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Ten teeth."[22] A dasyatid ray.
Dipturus Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A rajid ray.
Myliobatis Indeterminate La Cantera Baja, Lomas del Sauce "Six teeth."[12][24] A myliobatid ray.
Sharks
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Carcharhinus Indeterminate La Cantera Baja, La Cantera "Three teeth."[24] A carcharhinid shark.
Carcharodon C. carcharias Bahía de Tongoy, Bahía de Carrizalillo, Caleta Chañaral, La Cantera Baja, La Herradura, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada Camarones, Quebrada El Culebrón, Quebrada Las Rosas. "Multiple teeth."[17][12][24][19][36] A large lamnid shark (the great white shark).
C. plicatilis El Rincón "Upper lateral tooth."[24] A lamnid shark.
aff. Centroselachus Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A somniosid shark.
Cetorhinus C. maximus El Rincón "Single tooth."[46] A cetorhinid shark (the basking shark).
Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A cetorhinid shark.
Cosmopolitodus C. hastalis Bahía de Tongoy, Bahía de Carrizalillo "Teeth."[17][36] A lamnid shark.
Galeorhinus G. galeus Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A triakid shark (the school shark).
Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A triakid shark.
Heterodontus ex. gr. H. francisci Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A heterodontid shark.
H. francisci? Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines, Quebrada Camarones "Numerous teeth."[28] A heterodontid shark (the horn shark).
Hexanchus cf. H. griseus La Cantera Baja, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada el Culebrón, Quebrada Las Rosas "Six teeth."[12][24] A hexanchid shark (the bluntnose sixgill shark).
Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A hexanchid shark.
Isurus cf. I. oxyrinchus Caleta Chañaral, Caleta Los Hornos, La Herradura "Four teeth."[24] A lamnid shark.
I. oxyrinchus Lomas del Sauce "Single tooth."[22] A lamnid shark (shortfin mako).
Lamniformes indet. Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce Not specified.[12] A mackerel shark.
Odontaspis O. ferox La Cantera Baja "Lateral tooth."[24] An odontaspidid shark.
Otodus O. megalodon Punta de Choros, Quebrada El Culebrón, Quebrada Chañaral de Aceitunas "Four teeth."[24] A giant otodontid shark (the megalodon). Formerly identified as Carcharocles.[24]
Prionace P. glauca Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A carcharhinid shark (the blue shark).
Pristiophorus Indeterminate. Bahía de Carrizalillo, La Cantera Baja, La Herradura, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada Las Rosas "Several teeth."[12][24][36] A sawshark.
Squalus Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo Not specified.[36] A squalid shark.
Squatina Indeterminate Lomas del Sauce "Six teeth."[22] A hexanchid shark.

Seals

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Otariidae indet. Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo "Right dentary."[36] An otariid seal.

Sloths

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Thalassocnus T. carolomartini Lomas del Sauce "Partial postcranial skeleton lacking skull."[14] A nothrotheriid ground sloth.
Indeterminate Bahía de Carrizalillo "Isolated remains."[36] A nothrotheriid ground sloth.

See also

References

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