Coexistence (electoral systems)
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In political science, coexistence[1] involves different voters using different electoral systems depending on which electoral district they belong to.[2] This is distinct from other mixed electoral systems that use parallel voting (superposition) or compensatory voting. For example, the rural-urban proportional (RUP) proposal for British Columbia involved the use of a fully proportional system of list-PR or STV in urban regions, combined with MMP in rural regions.[3]
Coexistence of electoral systems exist in multiple countries, like the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Panama, as well as for elections of the European Parliament.. Historically, variants have been used in Iceland (1946–1959), Niger (1993, 1995) and Madagascar (1998).[4]
Types of coexistence
| Type | System | Example(s) for use |
|---|---|---|
| Coexistence | e.g. FPTP/SMP in single-member districts, list-PR in multi-member districts | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Panama |
| Supermixed | e.g. FPTP/SMP in single-member districts, conditional party block voting in multi-member districts | Cameroon, Chad |
| Rural-urban proportional representation (RUP) | Denmark (formerly), Iceland (formerly) | |
| Seat linkage compensatory mixed system (MMP) and FPTP in special constituencies | Bolivia |
References
- ^ Massicotte & Blais (1999). "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 341–366. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8.
- ^ Herron, Erik S; Nishikawa, Misa (2001-03-01). "Contamination effects and the number of parties in mixed-superposition electoral systems". Electoral Studies. 20 (1): 63–86. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00002-0. ISSN 0261-3794.
- ^ Massicotte, Louis (2004). In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec (PDF) (Report).
- ^ Golder, Matt (2005-03-01). "Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946–2000". Electoral Studies. 24 (1): 103–121. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2004.02.008. ISSN 0261-3794.