Cardinals created by Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878–1903) created 147 cardinals in 27 consistories held at roughly annual intervals. With his appointments he approached[a] but did not exceed the limit on the size of the College of Cardinals set at 70 in 1586.[2] The size of the college was 64 at the beginning and end of Leo XIII's 25-year papacy.[b] With 147 additions to a body of fewer than 70, Leo had, as one observer phrased it, "renewed the Sacred College more than twice".[3]

The largest group of fourteen new cardinals, with two more kept secret, was announced on 16 January 1893. Nine of Leo's cardinals were created in pectore and only announced at a later consistory. Those announced at his first consistory included his brother Giuseppe Pecci. In 1893, he elevated to cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, who succeeded him as Pope Pius X in 1903. The cardinals he created included brothers Serafino and Vincenzo Vannutelli in 1887 and 1889 and cousins Luigi and Angelo Jacobini in 1879 and 1882. Another of Leo's cardinals, von Fürstenberg, had a cousin in the College appointed in 1842 by Pope Gregory XVI.[4]

Of the 147 cardinals Pope Leo created, 85 were Italian.[c] Only three were not Europeans: Gibbons (United States), Moran (Australia), and Taschereau (Canada). Pope Leo's appointments also included the first Australian,[6] Moran, the first Canadian,[7] Taschereau, the first Slovenian,[8] Missia, and the first Armenian,[9] Hassoun, who was also the first prelate of an Oriental rite made a cardinal since 1439.[10] Cardinals who died before visiting Rome to be assigned their titular churches included Guilbert, Lluch, and Rotelli.

Of the 147 cardinals Leo appointed, 63 survived him and 61 of them, along with one cardinal appointed earlier,[11][d] participated in the 1903 conclave that elected Pius X.[e]

12 May 1879

After waiting more than a year, on 12 May 1879, Pope Leo created cardinals for the first time, six of the order of cardinal priests and four of the order of cardinal deacons, including among the latter his brother, Giuseppe Pecci.[14] On 22 September he gave red galeri to three of them (Desprez, Haynald, and Pie), as well as to János Simor, whom Pope Pius IX had made a cardinal in 1873.[15] Von Fürstenberg joined his cousin Friedrich Prince zu Schwarzenberg, a cardinal since 1842.[4]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Friedrich Egon von Fürstenberg (1813–1892) Archbishop of Olomouc Austria-Hungary
Julien-Florian-Félix Desprez (1807–1895) Archbishop of Toulouse France
Lajos Haynald (1816–1891) Archbishop of Kalocsa Austria-Hungary
Louis-Édouard-François-Desiré Pie (1815–1880) Bishop of Poitiers France
Americo Ferreira dos Santos Silva (1829–1899) Bishop of Porto Portugal
Gaetano Alimonda (1818–1891) Bishop of Albenga Italy
Giuseppe Pecci (1807–1890) Vice-librarian of the Vatican Library Italy
John Henry Newman (1801–1890) Founder and Provost of the Birmingham Oratory Great Britain
Joseph Hergenröther (1824–1890) Domestic Prelate Germany
Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893) Rector Magnificus of College of Saint Thomas France

19 September 1879

Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 September 1879.[16]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Pier Francesco Meglia (1810–1883) Apostolic Nuncio to France Italy
Giacomo Cattani (1823–1887) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council Italy
Luigi Jacobini (1832–1887) Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary Italy
Domenico Sanguigni (1809–1882) Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal Italy

13 December 1880

Pope Leo announced the creation of one cardinal on 13 December 1880, reserving the names of three others in pectore.[10] Hassoun was the first Armenian cardinal[9] and first Oriental-rite cardinal since 1439.[10] Ricci Paracciani's cousin Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi was made a cardinal in 1875, just five months before he died.

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Andon Bedros Hassoun (1809–1884) Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians Ottoman Empire

Cardinal in pectore

Name Title when named cardinal Country Revealed as Cardinal
Carlo Laurenzi (1821–1893)[17] Auxiliary Bishop of Perugia Italy 10 November 1884
Francesco Ricci Paracciani (1830–1894)[18] Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy 27 March 1882
Pietro Lasagni (1814–1885)[18] Secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals Italy 27 March 1882

27 March 1882

On 27 March 1882, Pope Leo announced the names of two cardinals he had created in pectore in December 1880 and created another five, revealing the names of all but one (Lavigerie).[18] Angelo Jacobini joined his cousin Luigi, then Secretary of State, who was made a cardinal in 1879.[19]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Domenico Agostini (1825–1891) Patriarch of Venice Italy
Joaquín Lluch y Garriga (1816–1882) Archbishop of Sevilla Spain
Edward MacCabe (1816–1885) Archbishop of Dublin Great Britain
Angelo Jacobini (1825–1886) Secretary Emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Italy

Cardinal in pectore

Name Title when named cardinal Country Revealed as Cardinal
Charles Lavigerie (1825–1892) Archbishop of Algiers Algeria 3 July 1882[20]

25 September 1882

Pope Leo announced the creation of two cardinals on 25 September 1882.[21]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Angelo Bianchi (1817–1897) Secretary Emeritus of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Italy
Włodzimierz Czacki (1834–1888) Apostolic Nuncio to France Russian Empire

24 March 1884

Pope Leo created two cardinals on 24 March 1884.[22]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
José Sebastião de Almeida Neto (1841–1920) Patriarch of Lisbon Portugal
Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavella (1834–1897) Archbishop of Naples Italy

10 November 1884

On 10 November 1884, Pope Leo announced the creation of eight cardinals and announced the name of one, Carlo Laurenzi, made a cardinal in pectore in December 1880.[17]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Michelangelo Celesia (1814–1904) Archbishop of Palermo Italy
Antolín Monescillo y Viso (1811–1897) Archbishop of Valencia Spain
Guglielmo Massaia (1809–1889) Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of the Galla Italy
Cölestin Josef Ganglbauer (1817–1889) Archbishop of Vienna Austria-Hungary
Zeferino González y Díaz Tuñón (1831–1894) Archbishop of Sevilla Spain
Carmine Gori-Merosi (1810–1886) Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation Italy
Ignazio Masotti (1817–1888) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Italy
Isidoro Verga (1832–1899) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council Italy

27 July 1885

On 27 July 1885, Pope Leo created five cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Cristofori).[23]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Paul Melchers (1813–1895) Archbishop of Cologne Germany
Alfonso Capecelatro (1824–1912) Archbishop of Capua Italy
Francesco Battaglini (1823–1892) Archbishop of Bologna Italy
Patrick Francis Moran (1830–1911) Archbishop of Sydney Australia
Placido Maria Schiaffino (1829–1889) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Italy
Carlo Cristofori (1813–1891) Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera Italy

7 June 1886

Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 7 June 1886.[24] The two cardinal deacons Pope Leo created on 7 June 1886, Theodoli and Mazzella, were assigned their deaconries on 10 June;[25] the other five cardinal priests were given their titular churches on 17 March 1887.[26][27]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Victor-Félix Bernadou (1816–1891) Archbishop of Sens France
Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau (1820–1898) Archbishop of Québec Canada
Benoit-Marie Langénieux (1824–1905) Archbishop of Reims France
James Gibbons (1834–1921) Archbishop of Baltimore United States
Charles-Philippe Place (1814–1893) Archbishop of Rennes France
Augusto Theodoli (1819–1892) Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy
Camillo Mazzella (1833–1900) Prefect at Pontifical Gregorian University Italy

14 March 1887

Pope Leo created five cardinals, all cardinal priests, on 14 March 1887.[28]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Serafino Vannutelli (1834–1915) Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary Italy
Gaetano Aloisi Masella (1826–1902) Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Portugal Italy
Luigi Giordani (1822–1893) Archbishop of Ferrara Italy
Camillo Siciliano di Rende (1847–1897) Archbishop of Benevento Italy
Mariano Rampolla (1843–1913) Apostolic Nuncio to Spain Italy

23 May 1887

Pope Leo created two cardinal deacons on 23 May 1887.[29] Bausa was not yet a bishop and was only consecrated in March 1889. Pallotti was never consecrated a bishop.

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Luigi Pallotti (1829–1890) Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera Italy
Agostino Bausa (1821–1899) Master of the Sacred Palace of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy

11 February 1889

Pope Leo announced the creation of three cardinals on 11 February 1889.[30]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Giuseppe Benedetto Dusmet (1818–1894) Archbishop of Catania Italy
Giuseppe d'Annibale (1815–1892) Titular Bishop of Carystus[f] Italy
Luigi Macchi (1832–1907) Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy

24 May 1889

Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 24 May 1889.[31] Guilbert died less than three months later without having visited Rome to be assigned his titular church.[32]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
François-Marie-Benjamin Richard (1819–1908) Archbishop of Paris France
Joseph-Alfred Foulon (1823–1893) Archbishop of Lyon France
Aimé-Victor-François Guilbert (1812–1889) Archbishop of Bordeaux France
Pierre-Lambert Goossens (1827–1906) Archbishop of Mechelen Belgium
Franziskus von Paula Graf von Schönborn (1844–1899) Archbishop of Prague Austria-Hungary
Achille Apolloni (1823–1893) Vice-Camerlengo of the Reverend Apostolic Camera Italy
Gaetano de Ruggiero (1816–1896) Secretary of the Fabric of Saint Peter Italy

30 December 1889

On 30 December 1889, Pope Leo created a single cardinal without making it known.[33] His brother Serafino was already a cardinal.

Cardinal in pectore

Name Title when named cardinal Country Revealed as Cardinal
Vincenzo Vannutelli (1836–1930)[33] Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal Italy 23 June 1890

23 June 1890

Pope Leo created three cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 23 June 1890 and announced he had created Vincenzo Vannutelli a cardinal in pectore the previous December.[33]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Sebastiano Galeati (1822–1901) Archbishop of Ravenna Italy
Gaspard Mermillod (1824–1892) Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva  Switzerland
Albin Dunajewski (1817–1894) Bishop of Krakow Austria-Hungary

1 June 1891

Pope Leo created two cardinals on 1 June 1891.[34] Rotelli received his red hat from French President Sadi Carnot,[35] but died before being invested by the pope with the other symbols of his new rank.[36]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Luigi Rotelli (1833–1891) Apostolic Nuncio to France Italy
Anton Josef Gruscha (1820–1911) Archbishop of Vienna Austria-Hungary

14 December 1891

Pope Leo created two cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 14 December 1891.[37]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895) Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy
Luigi Sepiacci (1835–1893) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Italy

16 January 1893

Pope Leo created fourteen cardinals publicly on 16 January 1893[38] and two others in pectore.

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Giuseppe Guarino (1827–1897) Archbishop of Messina Italy
Mario Mocenni (1823–1904) Substitute for General Affairs of the Apostolic Secretariat Italy
Amilcare Malagola (1840–1895) Archbishop of Fermo Italy
Angelo Di Pietro (1828–1914) Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Bavaria Italy
Benito Sanz y Forés (1828–1895) Archbishop of Sevilla Spain
Guillaume-René Meignan (1817–1896) Archbishop of Tours France
Léon-Benoît-Charles Thomas (1826–1894) Archbishop of Rouen France
Philipp Krementz (1819–1899) Archbishop of Cologne Germany
Ignatius Persico (1823–1896) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith Italy
Luigi Galimberti (1835–1896) Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary Italy
Michael Logue (1840–1924) Archbishop of Armagh Great Britain
Kolos Ferenc Vaszary (1832–1915) Archbishop of Esztergom Austria-Hungary
Herbert Vaughan (1832–1903) Archbishop of Westminster Great Britain
Georg von Kopp (1837–1914) Bishop of Wrocław Austria-Hungary

Cardinal in pectore

Name Title when named cardinal Country Revealed as Cardinal
Adolphe Perraud (1828–1906)[39] Bishop of Autun and Superior General of Oratory of France France 29 November 1895
Andreas Steinhuber[40] Priest of Society of Jesus Germany 18 May 1894

12 June 1893

Pope Leo created five cardinals in a consistory held on 12 June 1893,[41] including Giuseppe Sarto, his successor as Pope Pius X.

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot (1831–1908) Archbishop of Bordeaux France
Giuseppe Maria Graniello (1834–1896) Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Italy
Joseph-Christian-Ernest Bourret (1827–1896) Bishop of Rodez France
Lőrinc Schlauch (1824–1902) Bishop of Oradea Mare Romania
Giuseppe Sarto (1835–1914) Bishop of Mantova Italy

18 May 1894

Pope Leo created five cardinals in May 1894, four cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Segna). He announced that he had made Andreas Steinhuber a cardinal in pectore previously.[40]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Egidio Mauri (1828–1896) Archbishop of Ferrara Italy
Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás (1833–1909) Archbishop of Valencia Spain
Domenico Svampa (1851–1907) Bishop of Forli Italy
Andrea Carlo Ferrari (1850–1921) Bishop of Como Italy
Francesco Segna (1836–1911) Assessor of the Commission of Roman and Universal Inquisition Italy

29 November 1895

Pope Leo created eight cardinals on 29 November 1895[42][43] and announced that he had made Adolphe Perraud a cardinal in pectore in 1893.[39] Francesco Satolli, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, did not travel to Rome for the ceremony, but received his insignia of office from Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore,[44] on 5 January 1896.[45]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Sylvester Sembratovych (1836–1898) Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia Austria-Hungary
Francesco Satolli (1839–1910) Apostolic Delegate to the United States Italy
Johannes Evangelist Haller (1825–1900) Archbishop of Salzburg Austria-Hungary
Antonio María Cascajares y Azara (1834–1901) Archbishop of Valladolid Spain
Girolamo Maria Gotti (1834–1916) Apostolic Internuncio to Brazil Italy
Jean-Pierre Boyer (1829–1896) Archbishop of Bourges France
Achille Manara (1827–1906) Bishop of Ancona e Umana Italy
Salvador Casañas y Pagés (1834–1908) Bishop of Urgell Spain

22 June 1896

Pope Leo created four cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 22 June 1896.[46]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Domenico Jacobini (1837–1900)[g] Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal Italy
Antonio Agliardi (1832–1915) Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary Italy
Domenico Ferrata (1847–1914) Apostolic Nuncio to France Italy
Serafino Cretoni (1833–1909) Apostolic Nuncio to Spain Italy

30 November 1896

Two cardinals were created on 30 November 1896;[47] they received their red galeri on 3 December.[48] Neither was a bishop when made cardinal; Prisco was consecrated in 1898.

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Raffaele Pierotti (1836–1905) Master of the Sacred Palace of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy
Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco (1833–1923) Prefect of Studies at the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples Italy

19 April 1897

Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 April 1897.[49]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia (1835–1922) Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela Spain
Pierre-Hector Coullié (1829–1912) Archbishop of Lyon France
Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré (1841–1906) Archbishop of Rennes France
Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu (1825–1899) Archbishop of Rouen France

19 June 1899

Pope Leo announced the creation of 11 new cardinals on 19 June 1899[50] and created two in pectore, Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella and Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, whose names were published in 1901.[51] Missia was the first Slovenian to enter the College of Cardinals.[8]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Giovanni Battista Casali del Drago (1838–1908) Latin Patriarch of Constantinople[f] Italy
Francesco di Paola Cassetta (1841–1919) Latin Patriarch of Antioch[f] Italy
Gennaro Portanova (1845–1908) Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera Italy
Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè (1846–1928) Archbishop of Catania Italy
Agostino Ciasca (1835–1902) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith Italy
François-Désiré Mathieu (1839–1908) Archbishop of Toulouse France
Pietro Respighi (1843–1913) Archbishop of Ferrara Italy
Agostino Richelmy (1850–1923) Archbishop of Turin Italy
Jakob Missia (1838–1902) Archbishop of Gorizia and Gradisca Italy
Luigi Trombetta (1820–1900) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Italy
José Calassanç Vives y Tuto (1854–1913) Priest from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin Spain

Cardinal in pectore

Name Title when named cardinal Country Revealed as Cardinal
Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella (1840–1910) Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera Italy 15 April 1901[52]
Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (1844–1916) Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces Italy 15 April 1901[52]

15 April 1901

Pope Leo created ten cardinals on 15 April 1901, assigning eight to the order of cardinal priests and two to the order of cardinal deacons (Tripepi and Cavagnis).[52]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Donato Maria Dell'Olio (1847–1902) Archbishop of Benevento Italy
Sebastiano Martinelli (1848–1918) Apostolic Delegate to the United States Italy
Casimiro Gennari (1839–1914) Assessor of the Commission of Roman and Universal Inquisition Italy
Lev Skrbenský z Hříště (1863–1938) Archbishop of Prague Austria-Hungary
Giulio Boschi (1838–1920) Archbishop of Ferrara Italy
Agostino Gaetano Riboldi (1839–1902) Bishop of Pavia Italy
Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko (1842–1911) Bishop of Krakow Austria-Hungary
Bartolomeo Bacilieri (1842–1923) Bishop of Verona Italy
Luigi Tripepi (1836–1906) Substitute for General Affairs of the Apostolic Secretariat Italy
Felice Cavagnis (1841–1906) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Italy

22 June 1903

At his last consistory held less than a month before his death, Pope Leo created seven cardinals and assigned them all to the order of cardinal priests. Only Nocella, Cavicchioni, and Fischer were present to receive their red hats from the pope and be assigned their titular sees on 25 June.[53][54] The others participated in the conclave that elected Pope Pius X and it was from him that Herrero received his red galero and titular church assignment on 27 August,[55] as did Aiuti, Taliani, and Karschthaler theirs on 12 November 1903.[56]

Name Title when named cardinal Country
Carlo Nocella (1826–1908) Latin Patriarch of Constantinople[f] Italy
Beniamino Cavicchioni (1836–1911) Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council Italy
Andrea Aiuti (1849–1905) Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal Italy
Emidio Taliani (1838–1907) Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary Italy
Sebastián Herrero y Espinosa de los Monteros (1822–1903) Archbishop of Valencia Spain
Johannes Katschthaler (1832–1914) Archbishop of Salzburg Austria-Hungary
Anton Hubert Fischer (1840–1912) Archbishop of Cologne Germany

Notes

  1. ^ The twelve cardinals added in 1901 brought the number of cardinals to 67.[1]
  2. ^ Beginning with 64 at the time of the 1878 conclave, it fell to 63 upon Leo's election. He appointed 147 and 146 died, leaving 64 upon his death.[3]
  3. ^ The 85 include Zigliara, who was born in Corsica and baptized "Francesco".[5] The other largest national groups were 19 French and 10 Spanish.
  4. ^ Oreglia di Santo Stefano was made a cardinal in 1873 by Pope Pius IX.[12]
  5. ^ Two cardinals created by Leo did not participate in the 1903 conclave: Celesia was too sick to travel from Palermo and Moran unable to reach Rome from Australia in time.[13]
  6. ^ a b c d Titular see based in Rome.
  7. ^ Apparently not related to the two other Jacobinis made cardinal by Leo XIII.

References

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  3. ^ a b Bompiani, Sophia (27 August 1903). "A Patriotic Demonstration in Rome". New York Observer. p. 264. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  4. ^ a b Lukács, Lajos (1981). The Vatican and Hungary, 1846–1878: Reports and Correspondence on Hungary of the Apostolic Nuncios in Vienna. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108.
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