Bishop's palace

A bishop's palace is a form of ecclesiastical architecture constituting the official residence of a bishop.The term was not used in the British Isles until the Church of England was restructured following the Norman Conquest of 1066 AD.^[1] However, the oldest has been dated to the seventh century. A bishop's palace provided luxury accommodation for a bishop along with facilities for the bishop's staff. See palaces were those which were in the vicinity of the bishops' cathedrals, others were more modest manor houses. They were generally set within enclosures, sometimes moated, often including ancillary buildings, such as halls, chapels or gatehouses. Although many were used throughout the medieval period, their use declined after the Reformation, and only a few are still in use in the twenty-first century. Historic England have positively identified about 150 bishops' palaces in England, all of which they regard as being of national importance.^[2]

In late antiquity, bishops in Italy and Rome lived in residences known as episcopia, closely linked to cathedrals—spaces that symbolically unified their spiritual and civic roles.^[3] Over time, the term shifted from episcopium to domus (house), and by the central Middle Ages, palatium—a word borrowed from secular contexts—was adopted, reflecting bishops’ increasing engagement in public authority.^[3]

The Norman Conquest of 1066 sparked a wave of architectural innovation influenced by Norman castle-building and ecclesiastical consolidation.^[4] Bishops, many appointed from Normandy or other regions, built fortified residences—complete withhalls, chapels and moats—to reflect both their spiritual office and feudal status.^[5]

Bishop’s palaces commonly featured:

• Defensive elements such as moats, curtain walls, gatehouses, and battlements, demonstrating both protection and authority. These arose in the context of Norman fortification practices.^[6]
• Great halls for public receptions, administrative meetings, and dining.
• Private chapels, detached or attached, intended for daily worship.
• Residential quarters for the bishop’s family and staff, as well as kitchens and service areas.
• Enclosed grounds, including deer parks or pleasure gardens—initially practical and later symbolic.

Built by Bishop Jocelin c. 1210 and extended by Bishop Burnell (chapel and great hall, 1275–1292) and Bishop Beckington (15th century residential range), this palace is surrounded by a water-filled moat, gatehouse (“Bishop’s Eye”), and gardens.^[7][8]

Located beside Lincoln Cathedral, the palace served bishops from the 12th to 17th centuries. A £2.5 million conservation project (2021–23) restored stonework, cleared overgrowth, and installed visitor interpretation features.^[9][10]

A complex originally founded in the 6th century and rebuilt in the late 13th–14th centuries by Bishops Thomas Bek and Henry de Gower. It fell into disuse after the Reformation and was restored by Cadw during 2003–2009.^[11]

A 12th-century two-storey hall-house commissioned by Bishop William the Old. It is notable as the death site of King Håkon IV in 1263 and stands adjacent to the Earl’s Palace.^[12]

Most surviving examples are protected through listing and managed by heritage bodies such as Historic England, English Heritage, Cadw and Historic Environment Scotland. Many function as museums, heritage sites, or event spaces open to the public; Wells and Lincoln now host guided tours, exhibitions, cafés, and special events.^[13][14][15]

• Episcopal palace
• Château