Ali Sher Khan Anchan

Ali Sher Khan
Anchan
Sultan of Baltiyul
Reign1595 – 1633
PredecessorGhazi Mir
SuccessorAbdal Khan
BornAli Sher
1580
Skardu
Died1633
Skardu
SpousesMandok Gyalmo
Issue
HouseMaqpon
FatherGhazi Mir
ReligionNoorbakhshia Islam

Ali Sher Khan (Balti: ཨལི་ཤེར་ཁན་ཨནཆན་།; 1580–1633), better known by his title Anchan ("the Great"), was the Maqpon king of Baltistan from 1595 to 1633.[1] Considered greatest of the Balti rulers, Anchan unified Baltistan and expanded the frontiers of Balti kingdom to Ladakh and western Tibet in the east, and to Haramosh in Brushal in the west.

In his numerous campaigns Anchan conquered Ladakh, Purig, Gilgit, Brushal (Hunza and Nagir), Chilas and as far as Chitral. His name is recorded as Ali Mīr in Ladakh Chronicles and Ali Raī by the Mughal court historians.

Background

Ali Sher Khan Anchan was born to Ghāzī Mīr (reigned 1565–1595), the Maqpon (Wylie: dmag dpon, lit. 'army leader')[2] ruler of Skardu, in 1580. The Maqpon power had been consolidated by Makpon Bokha in about 1500 CE.[3] His successors gradually brought Astore and Shigar under their control.[3]

Ghāzī Mīr continued the policy of expansion. He annexed Roundu and then sent Ali Sher to conquer the Kartaksha valley from the Namgyal rulers of Ladakh, who did so by expelling the Ladakhi troops stationed there.[4] After the Mughal conquest of Kashmir in 1586, diplomatic relations developed between the Mughals and Ghāzī Mīr.[5]

Reign

Ali Sher Anchan succeeded his father in 1595.[1]

Conquest of Ladakh

It is related that the Ladakh kingdom once extended to Sermik in the west. During the reign of Ghazi Mir, the Ladakhis were driven out, not only from the Kharmang valley but from the entire district of Purik (Kargil), which was occupied by Ali Sher Khan, the heir apparent. He is said to have garrisoned the fort at Kharbu with soldiers and appointed a ‘Kharpon’ or governor to administer the border area.[4][6]

A few years had not passed when the king of Ladakh, Jamyang Namgyal, attacked the principalities of Purik (Kargil), annihilating the Skardu garrison at Kharbu and putting to the sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the principalities of Purik. Ali Sher Khan Anchan left with a strong army by way of Marol, bypassed the Ladakhi army occupying Leh, the capital of Ladakh. The king of Ladakh was ultimately taken prisoner.[7][6]

The king of Ladakh sued for peace and since Ali Sher Khan's intention was not to annex Ladakh, he agreed on the condition that the villages of Ganokh and Gagra Nullah (Grugurdo) should be ceded to Skardu and the Ladakhi king should pay annual tribute. This tribute was paid through the Gonpa (monastery) of Lama Yuru till the late-17th century.[6] The region of Purik was also annexed into Baltistan.[8]

Anchan got her daughter, Gyal Khatun, married with Jamyang under the condition that her sons would be the next rulers of Ladakh. Anchan also married a Ladakhi princess, Mandok Gyalmo.[9]

Conquest of Brushal and Shinaki

The incessant attacks on and plunder of villages in Roundu, Dras, Gultari and Shigar by people from Gilgit, Chilas and Astore, while he was preoccupied with the campaigns in Ladakh, forced Ali Sher Anchan to march on Gilgit with a strong army.[6] He conquered Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar and Chilas. From Gilgit, he advanced to and conquered Chitral and Kafiristan. To commemorate his victory he planted a Chinar Tree (Plane Tree) at Brushal.[6] Haramosh valley marked the eastern end of Maqpon territory.[1] Anchan brought a number of war prisoners from Chilas, Chitral and Gilgit and got them settled in Kargil and Baltistan; their descendants still exist in these areas and are known as Brokpas.[10]

In the folklore named after this Chinar of Brushal-Brosho Shingial, the exploits of Ali Sher Anchan enumerated and tribute is paid to the Anchan for his remarkable conquest and the boundary of his kingdom from Kargil from the east to Brushal in the West and in doing so, the Balti people have also been allowed to share the tribute.[6] In one line the western and eastern boundaries of the kingdom under Ali Sher Anchan have been defined as "Leh Purang na Brushal Shingel", literally "from Leh’s Purang to Brushal’s Chinar Tree".[6] Anchan is also accredited with introducing Polo at Shundur Polo Ground for the first time.[6]

Mughal Invasion

The Mughal court historians, Abdul Hamid Lahori and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, record an invasion of Baltistan by the subahdar of Kashmir during the reign of Jahangir (r. 1605–1627), which met a defeat on the hand of Ali Sher Anchan.[1]

Death and succession

Ali Sher Anchan died in 1633, and was succeeded by Adam Khan.[11] Anchan had appointed his other two sons, Abdal Khan and Ahmad Khan, as rulers of Kharmang and Roundu valleys, respectively. Soon fighting ensued between the three and Abdal Khan, being the strongest, expelled Adam from Skardu in 1633 who went to Delhi to ask Shah Jahan for help. Shah Jahan dispatched an army from Kashmir which invaded and occupied Skardu in 1634. Adam Khan was reinstalled as a vassal.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Dani 1991, p. 221.
  2. ^ Petech 1977, p. 33.
  3. ^ a b Dani 2003, p. 246.
  4. ^ a b Dani 1991, p. 219.
  5. ^ Dani 2003, p. 243.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Afridi 1988, pp. 42–47.
  7. ^ Petech 1977, pp. 33–34.
  8. ^ Petech 1977, p. 34.
  9. ^ Halkias 2015, pp. 237–245.
  10. ^ Dani 1991, p. 83.
  11. ^ a b Dani 1991, p. 222.

Sources

  • Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1991) [1989]. History of Northern Areas of Pakistan (2nd ed.). Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University. ISBN 978-969-415-016-1.
  • Petech, Luciano (1977). The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. (PDF). Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Halkias, Georgios T. (2015). "The Muslim Queens of the Himalayas: Princess Exchanges in Baltistan and Ladakh" (PDF). Islam and Tibet  – Interaction Along the Musk Routes. Oxford Centre of Buddhist Studies.
  • Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2003). "The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States (Part 2: The Trans-Pamir States)". History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume V. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 235–46. ISBN 92-3-103876-1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  • Afridi, Banat Gul (1988). Baltistan in History. Peshawar: Emjay Books International. OCLC 21303940.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
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