Agrocybe praecox

Agrocybe praecox
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Agrocybe
Species:
A. praecox
Binomial name
Agrocybe praecox
Agrocybe praecox
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnexed
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is brown
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown

Agrocybe praecox, commonly known as the spring agrocybe, early agrocybe,[1] or spring fieldcap, is a species of fungus. According to modern analysis, it is one of a cluster of closely similar species, known as the A. praecox complex.

It appears early in the year in woods, gardens, and fields in Eurasia, North Africa, and North America. It is of debatable culinary interest.

Taxonomy

The mushroom was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1800 as Agaricus praecox. In 1889, Victor Fayod devised the new genus Agrocybe and made A. praecox the type species.[2]

A 1990 study by Timothy Flynn and O. K. Miller finds that A. praecox is one of four species which are indistinguishable using superficial characteristics but which can be separated through their habitat and location.[3][4] If this proposal is accepted, the cluster consists of A. molesta and three other species which do not yet have proper names, but which are referred to as "Flynn & Miller Species I–III". The three provisional species correspond to the older names A. acericola, A. elatella, A. praecox, and A. sphaleromorpha combined; and their synonyms.[5][6] According to the traditional system, various detailed morphological characteristics can be used to choose between the species, but such is variation amongst individuals that it is difficult to achieve a consistent identification in this way.

The Latin epithet praecox ('early')[7] is related to the word "precocious" and refers to the fact that this species often appears early in the year.

Description

Agrocybe praecox belongs to a group of species which are difficult to distinguish consistently.[8][9][5][10]

The cap is up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) wide,[1] bun-shaped and brownish then convex and lightening to tannish[11] (beige when dry and yellowish-brown when moist), and smooth. Veil remnants are often visible around the rim.[11] The gills are initially pale grayish, later brown.[11] The stem is pale, 4 to 12 cm (1+1⁄2 to 4+3⁄4 in) long and up to about 2 cm thick, with a fragile ring. They often have white mycelial cords at the base.[11] The odor and taste are floury.[9][5] The taste may be bitter.[8]

The spores are 8–10 x 5–7 μm,[5] elliptical,[1] and brown en masse.[11]

Similar species

The following species are closely related to A. praecox, according to Index Fungorum and other sources.[2]

Species, author & date Description & References Relation to A. praecox
Agrocybe acericola (Peck) Singer (1950) Found on woody debris in hardwood forests, cap yellow-brown, often veined or wrinkled in the centre. May be the same as Flynn & Miller Species III.[12] Not distinguished from A. praecox in Funga Nordica.[5]
Agrocybe dura (Bolton) Singer (1936) This is a synonym of A. molesta (the name A. dura is preferred by Funga Nordica).[8][9][5] See A. molesta.
Agrocybe elatella (P. Karst.) Vesterh. (1989) (= A. paludosa) Grows amongst moss in marshes and fens. Smaller with more slender stipe, hygrophanous, stem not bulbous.[9][5][10]
Agrocybe gibberosa (Fr.) Fayod (1889) Synonym of A. praecox.[5][13] Same.
Agrocybe molesta (Lasch) Singer (1978) (= A. dura) This is certainly a distinct species which grows in grass,[8][9][5] but according to Flynn & Miller it is part of the A. praecox complex, and the only species which gets its nutrition from grass (rather than wood chips).[3][4] It is bigger and fleshier than A. praecox,[8][9][10] the cap surface develops superficial cracks[8][9][5][10] and the spores are somewhat bigger.[8][5]
Agrocybe paludosa (J.E. Lange) Kühner & Romagn. (1953) This is a synonym of A. elatella.[9][5] See A. elatella.
Agrocybe sphaleromorpha (Bull.) Fayod (1889) Not distinguished from A. praecox in Funga Nordica[5] Smaller, having a bulbous stipe, found in pasture.[8][9][10]
Flynn & Miller Species I (1990) Temporary name for first proposed new species.[3] Grows in gardens on wood chip mulch.[4][6]
Flynn & Miller Species II (1990) Temporary name for second proposed new species.[3] Grows on wood litter in coniferous or aspen forests in western North America.[4][6]
Flynn & Miller Species III (1990) Temporary name for third proposed new species.[3] Grows on wood litter in broadleaf forests (especially with maples) in eastern North America. May be the same as A. acericola.[4][6]

Another similar species is A. smithii.[7]

Habitat and distribution

It can grow alone or gregarious in grass, compost, or on wood debris in woods and gardens.[11] Like other Agrocybes, it is a saprophyte.

It has a widespread distribution in North America[4] (spring to summer),[11] Europe, Asia,[14] and North Africa.[9] Also it has been reported from Mongolia, Siberia, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Argentina and Colombia.[15]

Uses

The species is not flavorful but is sometimes considered edible,[7][16] but because it belongs to a group, it may overlap with some inedible taxa.[1] According to one French source, due to its bitterness and soft consistency, it is best left aside.[17] One site says that it is edible but needs to be well cooked.[18] Roger Phillips lists it as inedible.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 469–70. ISBN 978-0-89815-170-1.
  2. ^ a b For instance, search Species Fungorum with genus name = "Agrocybe" to find the related species. A. praecox is here.
  3. ^ a b c d e Timothy Flynn; O. K. Miller (1990). "Biosystematics of Agrocybe molesta and sibling species allied to Agrocybe praecox in North America and Europe". Mycological Research. 94 (8): 1103–1110. doi:10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81341-5. A synopsis is available online at the Science direct site.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kuo, M. (2006, September). Agrocybe praecox. See the MushroomExpert.Com article.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Henning Knudsen; Jan Vesterholt (2008). Funga Nordica. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 828.. Here A. praecox is admitted to be a complex of species including A. acericola and A. sphaleromorpha.
  6. ^ a b c d See this "Champignons du Québec" page (in French) for a key incorporating the same relationships.
  7. ^ a b c Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-340-39935-4.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Courtecuisse, R.; Duhem, B. (1994). Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 360. ISBN 978-2-603-00953-6. Also available in English.
  10. ^ a b c d e See Meinhard Moser (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. Translated by Simon Plant. London: Roger Phillips. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-9508486-0-0.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 663. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
  12. ^ Kuo, M. (2006, September). Agrocybe acericola. See the MushroomExpert.Com article.
  13. ^ This page of Species Fungorum shows synonyms of A. praecox.
  14. ^ Asef M.R. (2020). Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-600-8351-42-9.
  15. ^ See the Global Biodiversity Information Facility map, which provides hyperlinks to records with geographical location.
  16. ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  17. ^ See the Armorance web site (in French) on the natural history of Brittany.
  18. ^ See the First Nature site.
  19. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
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