Adikavi Pampa
Adikavi Pampa | |
|---|---|
The renowned Kannada Poet, Adikavi Pampa | |
| Born | 902 CE Annigeri, Rashtrakuta Empire (present-day Annigeri, Karnataka, India) |
| Died | 955 CE Bodhan, Rashtrakuta Empire (present-day Bodhan, Telangana, India) |
| Occupation | Jain Poet |
| Works | Ādipurāṇa Vikramārjuna Vijaya also known as Pampa Bhārata |
Pampa (c. 902 – 975 CE), referred to as Ādikavi (Poet of adinath purana), was a renowned Kannada Jain poet and writer,[1] who composed the Adi Purana ("Adinath purana"), [2] and is widely regarded as one of the greatest figures of early Kannada literature.[3] He is celebrated as one of the “three gems” (Ratnatraya) of classical Kannada poetry, alongside Sri Ponna and Ranna.[4] He was a court poet of the Chalukya king Arikesari II of Vemulavada, who was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III. Deeply rooted in Jain faith,[5] he is best known for his epic works Adi Purana,[6] dedicated to the Adinath the first tirthankar of Jainism, and Vikramarjuna Vijaya, a Jain retelling of the Mahabharata story, both of which had a profound influence on Kannada literary tradition.[7]
Early life
Pampa was born around 902 CE in the Vengi region (present-day Andhra Pradesh) into a Jain family.[8] Though sometimes mistakenly described simply as a "Brahmin," his family followed a Jain Brahmin tradition, which was also present in Jainism at that time—also called Jain Pandits[9]—which had its own priestly and scholarly roles devoted to Jain worship and philosophy.[10] Also he wrote *Adipurana* (Adinath Purana) about the first Tirthankara of Jainism.[11]their actual place of origin and native is debated. According to the trilingual inscription (in Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu) installed by Pampa's younger brother Jinavallabha at Bommalamma Gutta in Kurikiyala village, Gangadharam mandal (in modern-day Telangana), his father was Abhimanadevaraya (also known as Bhimappayya) and mother was Abbanabbe. It also indicated that his grandfather was Abhimanachandra who belonged to the Brahmin varna and hailed from Vangiparru in Kammanadu in present-day Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.[12][13][14][15] In the eastern Deccan ruled by Chalukyas of Vengi and Vemulavada was considered as Kannada speaking territory under the rule of Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, renowned Kannada poets like Pampa and Ponna hailed from Vengi. Kannada dynasties like Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas had dominated the whole of Deccan and the influence of the Kannada language was felt from the Kaveri and Godavari and even beyond.[16] Hence there were many Kannada families residing in modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and Pampa was one of them. According to the modern Jain scholar Hampa Nagarajaiah ("Hampana"), Pampa was born in Annigeri, spent his early childhood on the banks of the nearby Varada river and his mother Abbanabbe was the granddaughter of Joyisa Singha of Annigeri in the modern Dharwad district of Karnataka state. Frequent descriptions of the beauty of the Banavasi region (in the modern Uttara Kannada district) and even the sprinkling (abhisheka) of water from the Varada river on Arjuna's head during his coronation in Pampa's epic Vikramarjuna Vijaya testifies to the poet's attachment to the Banavasi region.[17] Through the lines aarankusamittodam nenevudenna manam banvaasi deshamam and puttidirdode maridumbiyaagi men kogileyaagi nandanavanadol banavaasi deshadol he has expressed his deep attachment towards Banavasi.[18]
| Kannada poets and writers in the Rashtrakuta Empire (753–973 CE) | |
| Amoghavarsha | 850 |
| Srivijaya | 850 |
| Asaga | 850 |
| Shivakotiacharya | 900 |
| Ravinagabhatta | 930 |
| 941 | |
| Jainachandra | 950 |
| Sri Ponna | 950 |
| Rudrabhatta | 9th-10th c. |
| Kavi Rajaraja | 9th-10th c. |
| Gajanakusha | 10th century |
| Earlier Kannada poets and writers praised in Kavirajamarga | |
| Durvinita | 6th century |
| Vimala | Pre-850 |
| Nagarjuna | Pre-850 |
| Jayabodhi | Pre-850 |
| Udaya | Pre-850 |
| Kavisvara | Pre-850 |
| Pandita Chandra | Pre-850 |
| Lokapala | Pre-850 |
Poetic life
A well-travelled man, he settled down as the court poet of King Arikesari II. Flattered by his knowledge and poetic abilities, Arikesari (who possessed the title Gunarnava) conferred on him the title Kavita Gunarnava. At the age of 39 he wrote his first masterpiece, Ādi purāṇa, in 941, and a little later he completed Vikramarjuna Vijaya popularly known as Pampa Bharata. These two works have remained unparalleled works of classic Kannada composition.[19]
Adipurana
The Ādi purāṇa, written in the champu style, a mixed form of prose and verse, is a Kannada version of the Sanskrit work by Jinasena and details in sixteen cantos the life of the first Tirthankara of Jainism, Rishabha. The work focuses in his own unique style the pilgrimage of a soul to perfection and attainment of moksha. In the work, Pampa describes the struggle for power and control over the entire world of two brothers Bharata and Bahubali, sons of Rishabha. While Bahubali wins, he renounces the worldly pursuits in favor of his brother. Many Jain puranas of Middle Ages found a role model in this work.
Further reading
- T.K. Tukol. "Jainism in South India" (DOC).
- Amaresh Datta (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1180. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
Notes
- ^ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ^ Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). History of Kannada Literature. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–20.
- ^ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ^ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. p. 320.
- ^ Desai, P.B. (1957). Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.
- ^ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ^ Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). History of Kannada Literature. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–20.
- ^ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ^ Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). History of Kannada Literature. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–20.
- ^ Desai, P.B. (1957). Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.
- ^ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ^ "Bommalagutta cries for attention". Deccan Chronicle. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ Kevala Bodhi: Buddhist and Jaina History of the Deccan, Vol. 2, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2004; p. 292
- ^ Epigraphia Andhrica, Vol. 2, p. 27; Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1969
- ^ Samskrti sandhana, Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna, 2000; Vol. 13, p. 152
- ^ Kamat 2002, p. 6.
- ^ Hampana in K. E. Radhakrishna, p.21 (2010), KANNADA : PAMPADYAYANA, Chapter: "Pampa: Apogee of Kannada literature", ISBN 978-81-280-1192-4
- ^ "Karnataka's oldest town: Banavasi Desham".
- ^ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 29.
Sources
- Kamat, Suryanath U (2002) [1980]. A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. ISBN 81-206-09778.
- Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1999). A history of south India : from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar (4. ed., 17 impr. (with introduction). ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
- Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
External links
- Adipurana at the Internet Archive