AADACL2

Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 2, also known as AADACL2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AADACL2 gene.

Gene

The AADACL2 gene consists of 27413 nucleotides[1] with an mRNA of approximately 5060 base pairs.[2] There are five exons found in the AADACL2 gene.[2] AADACL2 is found to function in catalytic activity, hydrolase activity, and found to enable carboxylic ester hydrolase activity.[3]

mRNA

The chromosomal band location of AADACL2 is 3q25.1[4] and is located on the plus strand of the DNA.

Protein

AADACL2 in humans is 401 amino acids long.[5] with a predicted molecular weight of 46 kDa.[6] The isoelectric point of AADACL2 is 7.2.[7] The AADACL2  protein contains two domains, Abhydrolase_3, that spans nearly the entire protein. Along with an intermediate domain which is Involved in the stabilization of the negatively charged intermediate by the formation of the oxyanion hole.[5] Both of which are found to be conserved amongst orthologs.

Localization

Human AADACL2 is predicted to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.[8]

Expression

AADACL2 is tissue specific. AADACL2 is expressed at a very high level in skin tissues.[4] It is found to express at low levels in placenta, esophagus, small intestine and colon.[4] It is also found in circular RNA induction during fetal development at higher levels at the intestines at 10 weeks and 20 weeks.[4]

Tertiary structure

The protein AADACL2 was found to be composed of both alpha helices along with beta barrels.[9]

Evolution

The protein encoded by AADACL2[5] evolves slower than the fibrinogen alpha[10] protein but faster than the protein cytochrome c.[11]

Paralogs

Paralogs of AADACL2 include: AADAC (Arylacetamide Deacetylase), NCEH1 (Neutral Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase 1), AADACL3 (Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 3), AADACL4 (Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 4), and AFMID (Arylformamidase).[3]

Orthologs

Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 is found only in mammals. AADACL2 is not found in fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 is found in the following mammals: primates, flying lemurs, bats, rabbits & hares, rodents, insectivores, afrotheria, carnivores, even-toed ungulates, and odd-toed ungulates. Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 was approximately found to have first appeared in afrotheria 99 million years ago.

AADACL2                   Genus and Species Common Name Taxonomic Group Median Date of Divergence (MYA) Protein Accession # Protein Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity to Human Protein (%) Sequence Similarity to Human Protein (%)
Primates Homo sapiens Human Primates 0 NP_997248.2 401 100.0 100.0
Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey Primates 28.8 XP_001106757.2 401 98 99.3
Rhinopithecus roxellana Golden snub-nosed monkey Primates 28.8 XP_010370407.2 401 97.3 99.0
Sapajus apella Tufted capuchin Primates 43 XP_032118900.1 401 94 96.3
Aotus nancymaae Nancy Ma's monkey Primates 43 XP_012292432.2 401 94.5 96.5
Microcebus murinus Gray mouse lemur Primates 74 XP_012646764.1 402 72.1 81.8
Flying Lemurs Cynocephalus volans Philippine flying lemur Dermoptera 74 XP_062934601.1 401 82.5 89.0
Bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater Horseshoe Bat Bats 94 XP_032991506.1 401 81.0 87.8
Pteropus alecto Black flying fox Chiroptera 94 XP_006926324.1 343 50.5 63.6
Rabbits & Hares Ochotona princeps American Pika Lagomorpha 87 XP_004598151.2 401 80.5 88.3
Rodents Octodon degus Degu Rodentia 87 XP_004643988.1 401 80.0 89.0
Mus musculus Mouse Rodentia 87 NP_001121563 401 79.1 89.5
Marmota monax Woodchuck Rodentia 87 XP_046287168.1 401 65.1 78.1
Insectivores Condylura cristata Star-nosed Mole Eulipotyphla 94 XP_004682396.1 401 78.8 86.3
Afrotheria Trichechus manatus latirostris Florida Manatee Sirenia 99 XP_004379276.3 402 78.4 88.1
Elephas maximus indicus Indian Elephant Proboscideans 99 XP_049723395.1 402 78.1 86.8
Carnivores Lontra canadensis Northern American River Otter Carnivora 94 XP_032708555.1 401 75.1 84.0
Phoca vitulina Harbor Seal Carnivora 94 XP_032265082.1 400 73.8 82.0
Ursus maritimus Polar Bear Carnivora 94 XP_008705296.2 401 73.6 83.3
Mustela putorius furo Domestic Ferret Carnivora 94 XP_004755622.1 401 73.6 82.5
Canis lupus dingo Dingo Carnivora 94 XP_025291970.3 403 73.4 81.9
Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant Panda Carnivora 94 XP_002916395.1 397 72.1 81.0
Odobenus rosmarus divergens Pacific Walrus Carnivora 94 XP_004405057.1 400 70.3 80.5
Even-Toed Ungulates Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko Common Hippopotamus Artiodactyls 94 XP_057593784.1 416 70.0 79.4
Camelus dromedarius Arabian Camel Artiodactyls 94 XP_010985013.1 401 63.8 78.1
Odd-Toed Ungulates Equus caballus Horse Perissodactyla 94 XP_014587028.1 587 49.6 56.6

Clinical significance

Allergic contact dermatitis exposed to a nickel allergy, indicates that there is lower presence in the AADACL2 RNA when exposed to a nickel allergy versus the non-allergic control.[12] Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2 was found to be in the top fifty skin enriched genes, and was predicted to contain a signal peptide and function as a secreted protein.[13]

Resources

References

  1. ^ "University of California Santa Cruz: Human BLAT Search- BLAT Search Genome". UCSC Genome Browser.
  2. ^ a b "Homo sapiens arylacetamide deacetylase like 2 (AADACL2), mRNA". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information. June 1, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  3. ^ a b "Gene - Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 2". Gene Cards: The Human Gene Database.
  4. ^ a b c d "AADACL2 arylacetamide deacetylase like 2 [Homo sapiens (human)]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  5. ^ a b c "Arylacetamide Deacetylase-like 2 precursor [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  6. ^ "Protein Molecular Weight". Bioinformatics.org: Protein Molecular Weight.
  7. ^ "Compute pI/Mw". Expasy: Swiss Bioinformatics Resource Portal.
  8. ^ "PSORT II Prediction". PSORT WWW Server.
  9. ^ "NCBI Domains & Structures". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  10. ^ "Fibrinogen Alpha Chain Isoform Alpha Precursor [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  11. ^ "Cytochrome c [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine- National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  12. ^ Pedersen, MB. (November 2007). "Gene expression time course in the human skin during elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 127 (11): 2585–2595. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700902. PMID 17597826 – via PubMed.
  13. ^ Per-Henrik, D. (November 19, 2014). "Expression of Human Skin-Specific Genes Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 63 (2): 129–141. doi:10.1369/0022155414562646. PMC 4305515. PMID 25411189.
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