3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine
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| Names
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Preferred IUPAC name
2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-amine |
| Other names
O,O-Dimethyldopamine; Homoveratrylamine
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| Identifiers
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| ChEBI
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| ChEMBL
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| ChemSpider
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| ECHA InfoCard
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100.003.979
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| UNII
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InChI=1S/C10H15NO2/c1-12-9-4-3-8(5-6-11)7-10(9)13-2/h3-4,7H,5-6,11H2,1-2H3 Y Key: ANOUKFYBOAKOIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C10H15NO2/c1-12-9-4-3-8(5-6-11)7-10(9)13-2/h3-4,7H,5-6,11H2,1-2H3 Key: ANOUKFYBOAKOIR-UHFFFAOYAB
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| Properties
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C10H15NO2
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| Molar mass
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181.23 g/mol
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references
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3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA), also known as O,O-dimethyldopamine, is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine class. It is an analogue of the major human neurotransmitter dopamine where the 3- and 4-position hydroxy groups have been replaced with methoxy groups. It is also closely related to mescaline which is 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine and to 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine (3,4-DMA).
Pharmacology
DMPEA shows weak affinity for serotonin receptors.[1] It induces the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of serotonergic psychedelic effects, in rodents.[2] However, according to Alexander Shulgin, it was inactive in humans at doses of 1,000 mg orally and 10 mg intravenously.[3]
DMPEA has some activity as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.[4]
The elimination half-life of DMPEA is said to be less than 1 hour, indicating rapid and extensive metabolism and inactivation.[5][6]
Chemistry
One of the earliest syntheses of DMPEA (then referred to as "homoveratrylamine") was that of Pictet and Finkelstein, who made it in a multi-step sequence starting from vanillin.[7] A similar sequence was subsequently reported by Buck and Perkin,[8] as follows:
- 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (veratraldehyde) → 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid → 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylpropionic acid → 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylpropionamide → 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine
A much shorter synthesis is given by Shulgin and Shulgin:[9][10]
Derivatives
A known use was in the synthesis of bevantolol.
Natural occurrence
DMPEA occurs naturally along with mescaline in various species of cacti such as San Pedro and Peruvian Torch.[11][12][13]
See also
References
- ^ Glennon RA, Liebowitz SM, Anderson GM (March 1980). "Serotonin receptor affinities of psychoactive phenalkylamine analogues". J Med Chem. 23 (3): 294–299. doi:10.1021/jm00177a017. PMID 7365744.
- ^ Corne SJ, Pickering RW, Warner BT (February 1963). "A method for assessing the effects of drugs on the central actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine". Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 20 (1): 106–120. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1963.tb01302.x. PMC 1703746. PMID 14023050.
- ^ Shulgin AT (2003). "Basic Pharmacology and Effects". In Laing RR (ed.). Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. pp. 67–137. ISBN 978-0-12-433951-4. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
- ^ Keller WJ; Ferguson GG (July 1977). "Effects of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine derivatives on monoamine oxidase". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 66 (7): 1048–50. doi:10.1002/jps.2600660741. PMID 886445.
- ^ Nichols DE (August 1981). "Structure-activity relationships of phenethylamine hallucinogens". J Pharm Sci. 70 (8): 839–849. doi:10.1002/jps.2600700802. PMID 7031221.
- ^ Schweitzer JW, Friedhoff AJ (March 1968). "The metabolism of dimethoxyphenethylamine, a compound found in the urine of schizophrenics". Am J Psychiatry. 124 (9): 1249–1253. doi:10.1176/ajp.124.9.1249. PMID 5637912.
- ^ A. Pictet and M. Finkelstein (1909). "Synthese des Laudanosins." Ber. 42 1979-1989.
- ^ J. S. Buck and W. H. Perkin (1924). "CCXVIII. Ψ-epiBerberine." J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 125 1675-1686.
- ^ A. Shulgin and A. Shulgin (1991). "PiHKAL A Chemical Love Story", pp. 614-616, Transform Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5
- ^ "Erowid Online Books : "PIHKAL" - #60 DMPEA".
- ^ Lundström J (December 1970). "Biosynthesis of mescaline and 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine in Trichocereus pachanoi Br&R". Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica. 7 (6): 651–66. PMID 5511715.
- ^ Pummangura S; Nichols DE; McLaughlin JL (October 1977). "Cactus alkaloids XXXIII: beta-phenethylamines from the Guatemalan cactus Pilosocereus maxonii". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 66 (10): 1485–7. doi:10.1002/jps.2600661037. PMID 925910.
- ^ Pardanani JH; McLaughlin JL; Kondrat RW; Cooks RG (1977). "Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus". Lloydia. 40 (6): 585–90. PMID 600028.
External links
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| 4-Hydroxytryptamines | |
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| 5-Hydroxytryptamines | |
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| 5-Methoxytryptamines | |
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| Other ring subs. |
- 2,N,N-TMT
- 4,N,N-TMT
- 5-Bromo-DMT
- 5-Chloro-DMT
- 5-Fluoro-DMT
- 5-N,N-TMT
- 7,N,N-TMT
- 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT
- 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT
- 6-Fluoro-DMT
- Bretisilocin (GM-2505; 5-fluoro-MET)
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| α-Alkyltryptamines |
- 5-Methoxy-α-alkyltryptamines: 5-MeO-AET
- α,N,N-TMT (α-Me-DMT; Alpha-N)
- 5-MeO-AMT (α,O-DMS; Alpha-O)
- α,N,O-TMS (5-MeO-α,N-DMT)
- α,N,N,O-TeMS (5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT)
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| Others | |
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- Ergolines/lysergamides (e.g., LSD)
- β-Carbolines and Harmala alkaloids (e.g., harmine, harmaline, 6-methoxyharmalan)
- Iboga alkaloids (e.g., 18-MAC, 18-MC, coronaridine, ibogaine, ibogamine, ME-18-MC, noribogaine, tabernanthine, voacangine)
- Ibogalogs (e.g., ibogainalog)
- O-Methylnordehydrobufotenine
- Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI, RU-28306, CT-5252)
- Piperidinylethylindoles (e.g., Pip-T)
- Pyrrolidinylethylindoles (e.g., Pyr-T, 5-MeO-pyr-T)
- Pyrrolidinylmethylindoles (e.g., MPMI, 4-HO-MPMI (lucigenol), 5-MeO-MPMI)
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- Benzofurans (e.g., 5-MeO-DiBF, dimemebfe (5-MeO-BFE), mebfap)
- Benzothiophenes (e.g., 3-APBT)
- Indazoles (e.g., AL-38022A, O-methyl-AL-34662)
- Indenes (e.g., C-DMT)
- Isotryptamines (e.g., 6-MeO-isoDMT, Ro60-0175)
- MYCO-005
- Quinolinylethylamines (e.g., mefloquine)
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- Others: 2C-G-x (e.g., 2C-G-3, 2C-G-5)
- β-Keto-2C-B (βk-2C-B)
- β-Keto-2C-I (βk-2C-I)
- β-Methyl-2C-B (BMB)
- (e.g., BOB, BOD, BOH-2C-B)
- (e.g., HOT-2, HOT-7, HOT-17)
- N-Ethyl-2C-B
- (e.g., 2CD-2-ETO, 2CD-5-ETO, 2CE-5-ETO, 2CE-5iPrO, 2CT2-5-ETO, ASR-2001 (2CB-5PrO))
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- TMA-2 and derivatives (Mxx): MALM
- MEM
- MDFEM
- MFEM
- MIPM
- MMALM
- MPM
- MTFEM
- TMA-2
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| Others |
- 2-TOET
- 2-TOM
- 25B-NAcPip
- 4-HA
- 5-TOET
- 5-TOM
- Benzofurans (e.g., 5-APB, 5-APDB, 6-APB, 6-APDB, F, F-2, F-22)
- Benzothiophenes (e.g., 5-APBT, 6-APBT)
- CT-5172
- DMAs (e.g., 2,4-DMA, 3,4-DMA)
- Fenfluramine
- MMA (3-MeO-4-MA)
- Norfenfluramine
- (e.g., 25D-NM-NDEAOP, DOB-NDEPA, DOI-NDEPA, DOM-NDEPA, DOTFM-NDEPA, M-NDEPA, TMA-2-NDEPA)
- PMA (4-MA)
- (e.g., TMA-3, TMA-4, TMA-5, TMA-6)
- TOMSO
- ZDCM-04
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- 1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g., 2CB-Ind, jimscaline)
- 2-Aminoindanes (e.g., DOM-AI)
- 3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g., LPH-5, LPH-48)
- Benzazepines (e.g., lorcaserin)
- Benzocyclobutenes (e.g., 2CBCB-NBOMe, TCB-2, tomscaline)
- Benzoxepins (e.g., BBOX, IBOX, TFMBOX)
- DMBMPP (juncosamine)
- Ergolines/lysergamides (e.g., LSD)
- Glaucine
- IHCH-7113
- Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI, DEIMDHPCA, DEMPDHPCA, DEMTMPDHPCA, DEMNDHPCA)
- Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g., DMCPA, TMT)
- Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes) (e.g., 2C-B-aminorex)
- Z3517967757
- ZC-B
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| Others |
- Arylpiperazines (e.g., 2C-B-PP, 2-NP, mCPP, MK-212, ORG-12962, pCPP, pFPP, quipazine, TFMPP)
- Dihydrobenzoxazines (e.g., efavirenz)
- Phenoxyethylamines (e.g., CT-4719, ORG-37684)
- Quinazolinylethylamines (e.g., RH-34)
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| Natural sources |
- Tryptamines: Acacia spp. (e.g., Acacia acuminata, Acacia confusa)
- Ayahuasca and vinho de Jurema (e.g., Psychotria viridis (chacruna), Dipolopterys cabrerana (chaliponga, chacruna), Mimosa tenuiflora (Mimosa hostilis; jurema))
- Brosimum (e.g., Brosimum acutifolium (takini))
- Hallucinogenic snuffs (e.g., Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica, ebene), Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca, cebil))
- Incilius alvarius (Bufo alvarius; Colorado River toad, Sonoran Desert toad; bufo)
- Psilocybin-containing mushrooms (magic mushrooms, shrooms) (e.g., Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe mexicana (teonanacatl))
- Lysergamides: Achnatherum robustum (sleepy grass)
- Epichloë spp.
- Ergot (Claviceps) (e.g., Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps paspali)
- Morning glory (Convolvulaceae) seeds (e.g., Ipomoea tricolor (tlitliltzin, badoh negro; Ipomoea violacea), Ipomoea corymbosa (coaxihuitl, ololiúqui; Rivea Corymbosa, Turbina Corymbosa), Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose; HBWR))
- Periglandula spp. (e.g., Periglandula ipomoeae, Periglandula clandestina)
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- See also: Hallucinogens
- Entactogens
- Tryptamines
- Phenethylamines
- Ergolines and lysergamides
- Serotonin receptor modulators
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| Phenethylamines | |
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| Amphetamines | |
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| Phentermines | |
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| Cathinones | |
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Phenylisobutylamines
(and further-extended) | |
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Catecholamines
(and close relatives) | |
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Cyclized
phenethylamines | | Phenylalkylpyrrolidines | |
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2-Benzylpiperidines
(phenidates) | |
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Phenylmorpholines
(phenmetrazines) | |
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Phenyloxazolamines
(aminorexes) | |
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Isoquinolines and
tetrahydroisoquinolines | |
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| 2-Aminoindanes | |
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| 2-Aminotetralins | |
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| Others / unsorted |
- 1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g., 2CB-Ind, AMMI, bromojimscaline, jimscaline)
- 2-ADN
- 2-Benzhydrylpyrrolidine
- 2C-B-5-hemiFLY-α6 (BNAP)
- 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
- 3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g., 3-phenylpiperidine, 3-PPP, OSU-6162 (PNU-96391), LPH-5, LPH-48, Z3517967757 (Z7757))
- 6-AB
- AL-1095
- Aminochromes (e.g., adrenochrome, adrenolutin)
- Benzazepines (e.g., fenoldopam, lorcaserin, SCHEMBL5334361)
- Benzocyclobutenes (e.g., 2CBCB-NBOMe, bromotomscaline, S33005, TCB-2, tomscaline)
- Benzoxepins (e.g., BBOX, IBOX, TFMBOX)
- Butyltolylquinuclidine
- Cypenamine (trans-2-phenylcyclopentylamine)
- Diphenidine
- Diphenylprolinol
- DMBMPP
- Ergolines (e.g., LSD)
- GYKI-52895
- HDMP-29
- Ivabradine
- Lumateperone and analogues (e.g., IHCH-7079, IHCH-7086, IHCH-7113, ITI-1549)
- Methoxphenidine
- Methylmorphenate
- Milnacipran
- MT-45
- 2-Naphthylamine
- Org 6582
- Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI, RU-27849, DEIMDHPCA, DEMPDHPCA, DEMPDHPCA-2C-D, RU-27251)
- PF-592,379
- Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g., DMCPA, TMT, tranylcypromine)
- Tetrahydrobenzopyranylamines (e.g., CT-5126)
- Tricyclics (e.g., benzoctamine, dizocilpine)
- ZC-B
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| Related compounds |
- 2-Furylethylamine
- 2-Pyrrolylethylamine
- 3-Pyrrolylethylamine
- 3-Pyrrolylpropylamine
- 2-Tetrahydrofurylethylamine
- 4-Benzylpiperidine
- 7-AB
- Alkylamines (e.g., 1,3-DMBATooltip 1,3-dimethylbutylamine, 1,4-DMAATooltip 1,4-dimethylamylamine, heptaminol, iproheptine, isometheptene, methylhexanamine/1,3-DMAA, octodrine, oenethyl, tuaminoheptane)
- Benzylamines (e.g., benzylamine, α-methylbenzylamine, MDM1EA, ALPHA, M-ALPHA, pargyline)
- Benzylpiperazines (e.g., benzylpiperazine, MDBZP, fipexide)
- Cyclohexylaminopropanes (e.g., propylhexedrine, norpropylhexedrine)
- Cyclopentylaminopropanes (e.g., isocyclamine, cyclopentamine)
- Phenoxyethylamines (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenoxyethylamine, CT-4719, ORG-37684)
- Phenylalkenylamines (e.g., phenylbutenamine)
- Phenylalkynylamines (e.g., phenylbutynamine)
- Phenylpiperazines (e.g., 1-phenylpiperazine, mCPPTooltip meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, TFMPPTooltip trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, oMPPTooltip ortho-methylphenylpiperazine, pFPPTooltip para-fluorophenylpiperazine, pMeOPPTooltip para-methoxyphenylpiperazine)
- Phenylpropylamines (e.g., phenylpropylamine, homo-MDA, homo-MDMA)
- Thienylaminopropanes (thiopropamines) (e.g., thiopropamine, methiopropamine, thiothinone)
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- See also: Tryptamines
- Ergolines and lysergamides
- Stimulants
- Entactogens
- Psychedelics
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