2023 4 Hours of Sepang

The 2023 4 Hours of Sepang was an endurance sportscar racing event held between 1 and 3 December 2023 at Sepang International Circuit in Sepang, Malaysia. It was the first and second round of 2023–24 Asian Le Mans Series season.

Schedule

Date Time (local: MST) Event
Friday, 1 December 13:30 Free Practice 1
16:00 Free Practice 2
Saturday, 2 December 9:50 Qualifying
14:00 Race 1
Sunday, 3 December 14:00 Race 2
Source:[1][2]

Entry list

The entry list was published on 22 November and consisted of 39 entries in 3 categories – 11 in LMP2, 5 in LMP3 and 23 in GT.[3][4][1]

Free practice

  • Only the fastest car in each class is shown.
Free Practice 1 Class No. Entrant Time
LMP2 4 CrowdStrike Racing by APR 1:54.101
LMP3 2 CD Sport 2:00.930
GT 21 AF Corse 2:04.476
Free Practice 2 Class No. Entrant Time
LMP2 83 AF Corse 1:54.046
LMP3 2 CD Sport 2:00.235
GT 7 Al Manar Racing by GetSpeed 2:04.901
Source:[5][6]

Race 1

Qualifying

Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.

Pos Class No. Team Driver Time Gap Grid
1 LMP2 90 TF Sport Salih Yoluç 1:53.653 1
2 LMP2 30 Duqueine Team John Falb 1:54.064 +0.411 2
3 LMP2 22 Proton Competition Giorgio Roda 1:54.064 +0.411 3
4 LMP2 99 99 Racing Ahmad Al Harthy 1:54.071 +0.418 4
5 LMP2 3 DKR Engineering Alexander Mattschull 1:54.286 +0.633 5
6 LMP2 55 Proton Competition P. J. Hyett 1:54.437 +0.784 6
7 LMP2 4 CrowdStrike Racing by APR George Kurtz 1:54.512 +0.859 7
8 LMP2 83 AF Corse François Perrodo 1:55.355 +1.702 8
9 LMP2 25 Algarve Pro Racing Chris McMurry 1:55.411 +1.758 9
10 LMP2 24 Nielsen Racing Ian Loggie 1:56.602 +2.949 10
11 LMP2 44 ARC Bratislava Miro Konôpka 1:57.105 +3.452 11
12 LMP3 20 High Class Racing Auðunn Guðmundsson 2:00.430 +6.777 12
13 LMP3 17 Cool Racing Alexander Bukhantsov 2:01.054 +7.401 13
14 LMP3 26 Bretton Racing Julien Gerbi 2:01.546 +7.893 14
15 LMP3 2 CD Sport Nick Adcock 2:01.663 +8.010 15
16 GT 42 Saintéloc Racing Alban Varutti 2:03.998 +10.345 16
17 LMP3 65 Viper Niza Racing Douglas Khoo 2:04.170 +10.517 17
18 GT 37 Craft-Bamboo Racing Anthony Liu 2:04.373 +10.720 18
19 GT 9 GetSpeed Steve Jans 2:04.488 +10.835 19
20 GT 7 Al Manar Racing by GetSpeed Martin Konrad 2:04.669 +11.016 20
21 GT 43 Saintéloc Racing Zhou Bihuang 2:05.230 +11.577 21
22 GT 33 Herberth Motorsport Antares Au 2:05.257 +11.604 22
23 GT 91 Pure Rxcing Alex Malykhin 2:05.272 +11.619 23
24 GT 88 Triple Eight Prince Jefri Ibrahim 2:05.427 +11.774 24
25 GT 66 Attempto Racing Andrey Mukovoz 2:05.492 +11.839 25
26 GT 27 Optimum Motorsport Mark Radcliffe 2:05.759 +12.106 26
27 GT 69 Optimum Motorsport James Cottingham 2:05.849 +12.196 27
28 GT 93 Team Project 1 Darren Leung 2:05.947 +12.294 28
29 GT 11 Attempto Racing Ilya Gorbatsky 2:06.304 +12.651 29
30 GT 19 Leipert Motorsport Gabriel Rindone 2:06.359 +12.706 30
31 GT 77 D'Station Racing Satoshi Hoshino 2:06.412 +12.759 31
32 GT 8 EBM Setiawan Santoso 2:06.786 +13.133 32
33 GT 86 GR Racing Michael Wainwright 2:06.822 +13.169 33
34 GT 56 Team Project 1 Huilin Han 2:07.072 +13.419 34
35 GT 21 AF Corse François Heriau 2:07.127 +13.474 35
36 GT 95 TF Sport John Hartshorne 2:08.307 +14.654 36
37 GT 84 EBM Adrian D'Silva 2:09.094 +15.441 37
38 GT 75 Team Motopark 38
39 GT 82 AF Corse 39
Source:[7][8][9][10]

Race

Race result

The minimum number of laps for classification (70% of overall winning car's distance) was 70 laps. Class winners are marked in bold.

Final Classification[11]
Pos Class No. Team Drivers Car Tyres Laps Time/Gap
1 LMP2 99 99 Racing Ahmad Al Harthy
Nikita Mazepin
Louis Delétraz
Oreca 07 M 100 3:43:26.017
2 LMP2 83 AF Corse François Perrodo
Matthieu Vaxivière
Alessio Rovera
Oreca 07 M 100 +10.537
3 LMP2 3 DKR Engineering Alexander Mattschull
Tom Dillmann
Laurents Hörr
Oreca 07 M 100 +18.532
4 LMP2 55 Proton Competition P. J. Hyett
Harry Tincknell
Paul-Loup Chatin
Oreca 07 M 100 +51.654
5 LMP2 22 Proton Competition Giorgio Roda
Julien Andlauer
René Binder
Oreca 07 M 100 +58.693
6 LMP2 4 CrowdStrike Racing by APR George Kurtz
Colin Braun
Malthe Jakobsen
Oreca 07 M 100 +2:07.374
7 LMP2 90 TF Sport Salih Yoluç
Michael Dinan
Charlie Eastwood
Oreca 07 M 100 +5:47.122
8 LMP2 25 Algarve Pro Racing Chris McMurry
Freddie Tomlinson
Toby Sowery
Oreca 07 M 100 +6:08.950
9 LMP2 24 Nielsen Racing Ian Loggie
Alejandro García
Ferdinand Habsburg
Oreca 07 M 99 +1 Lap
10 LMP2 44 ARC Bratislava Miro Konôpka
Mathias Beche
Jonas Ried
Oreca 07 M 99 +1 Lap
11 LMP2 30 Duqueine Team John Falb
Carl Bennett
Oliver Rasmussen
Oreca 07 M 98 +2 Laps
12 LMP3 17 Cool Racing James Winslow
Alexander Bukhantsov
Danial Frost
Ligier JS P320 M 96 +4 Laps
13 LMP3 2 CD Sport Michael Jensen
Nick Adcock
Fabien Lavergne
Ligier JS P320 M 96 +4 Laps
14 LMP3 26 Bretton Racing Dan Skočdopole
Julien Gerbi
Mihnea Stefan
Ligier JS P320 M 96 +4 Laps
15 LMP3 20 High Class Racing Auðunn Guðmundsson
Anders Fjordbach
Seth Lucas
Ligier JS P320 M 95 +5 Laps
16 GT 42 Saintéloc Racing Christopher Haase
Gilles Magnus
Alban Varutti
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 94 +6 Laps
17 GT 66 Attempto Racing Dylan Pereira
Alex Aka
Andrey Mukovoz
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 94 +6 Laps
18 GT 43 Saintéloc Racing Dennis Marschall
Paul Evrard
Zhou Bihuang
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 94 +6 Laps
19 GT 7 Al Manar Racing by GetSpeed Al Faisal Al Zubair
Martin Konrad
Fabian Schiller
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 94 +6 Laps
20 GT 19 Leipert Motorsport Gabriel Rindone
Brendon Leitch
Marco Mapelli
Lamborghini Huracán GT3 Evo 2 M 94 +6 Laps
21 GT 91 Pure Rxcing Alex Malykhin
Klaus Bachler
Joel Sturm
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 94 +6 Laps
22 GT 88 Triple Eight Prince Jefri Ibrahim
Broc Feeney
Luca Stolz
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 94 +6 Laps
23 GT 9 GetSpeed Anthony Bartone
Aaron Walker
Steve Jans
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 93 +7 Laps
24 GT 86 GR Racing Michael Wainwright
Benjamin Barker
Riccardo Pera
Ferrari 296 GT3 M 93 +7 Laps
25 GT 21 AF Corse Simon Mann
François Heriau
Davide Rigon
Ferrari 296 GT3 M 93 +7 Laps
26 GT 8 EBM Setiawan Santoso
Tanart Sathienthirakul
Bastian Buus
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 93 +7 Laps
27 GT 84 EBM Adrian D'Silva
Kerong Li
Earl Bamber
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 93 +7 Laps
28 GT 69 Optimum Motorsport Sam De Haan
James Cottingham
Tom Gamble
McLaren 720S GT3 Evo M 93 +7 Laps
29 GT 11 Attempto Racing Alexey Nesov
Sergey Titarenko
Ilya Gorbatsky
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 93 +7 Laps
30 GT 95 TF Sport John Hartshorne
Ben Tuck
Jonathan Adam
Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3 M 93 +7 Laps
31 GT 77 D'Station Racing Satoshi Hoshino
Tomonobu Fujii
Casper Stevenson
Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3 M 93 +7 Laps
32 GT 27 Optimum Motorsport Mark Radcliffe
Rob Bell
Ollie Millroy
McLaren 720S GT3 Evo M 93 +7 Laps
33 GT 93 Team Project 1 Darren Leung
Christian Bogle
Dan Harper
BMW M4 GT3 M 89 +11 Laps
34 GT 75 Team Motopark Lukas Dunner
Heiko Neumann
Morten Strømsted
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 89 +11 Laps
35 GT 56 Team Project 1 Sean Gelael
Maxime Oosten
Huilin Han
BMW M4 GT3 M 87 +13 Laps
36 GT 82 AF Corse Charles-Henri Samani
Emmanuel Collard
Kei Cozzolino
Ferrari 296 GT3 M 87 +13 Laps
Not classified
LMP3 65 Viper Niza Racing Douglas Khoo
Dominic Ang
Joshua Burdon
Ligier JS P320 M 80
GT 33 Herberth Motorsport Antares Au
Tim Heinemann
Matteo Cairoli
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 72
GT 37 Craft-Bamboo Racing Anthony Liu
Jules Gounon
Jayden Ojeda
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 1

Statistics

Fastest lap
Class Driver Team Time Lap
LMP2 Louis Delétraz #99 99 Racing 1:52.991 83
LMP3 Fabien Lavergne #2 CD Sport 2:01.695 29
GT Joel Sturm #91 Pure Rxcing 2:05.507 33
Source:[12]

Race 2

Qualifying

One Qualifying session was held. Each crew's second fastest lap was used to determine the grid for the Race 2.[13] Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.

Pos Class No. Team Driver Time Gap Grid
1 LMP2 90 TF Sport Salih Yoluç 1:53.874 1
2 LMP2 30 Duqueine Team John Falb 1:54.233 +0.359 2
3 LMP2 3 DKR Engineering Alexander Mattschull 1:54.331 +0.457 3
4 LMP2 22 Proton Competition Giorgio Roda 1:54.750 +0.876 4
5 LMP2 99 99 Racing Ahmad Al Harthy 1:54.926 +1.052 5
6 LMP2 4 CrowdStrike Racing by APR George Kurtz 1:54.988 +1.114 6
7 LMP2 55 Proton Competition P. J. Hyett 1:55.159 +1.285 7
8 LMP2 83 AF Corse François Perrodo 1:55.381 +1.507 8
9 LMP2 25 Algarve Pro Racing Chris McMurry 1:55.467 +1.593 9
10 LMP2 24 Nielsen Racing Ian Loggie 1:56.719 +2.845 10
11 LMP2 44 ARC Bratislava Miro Konôpka 1:57.410 +3.536 11
12 LMP3 20 High Class Racing Auðunn Guðmundsson 2:00.756 +6.882 12
13 LMP3 17 Cool Racing Alexander Bukhantsov 2:01.200 +7.326 13
14 LMP3 26 Bretton Racing Julien Gerbi 2:01.629 +7.755 14
15 LMP3 2 CD Sport Nick Adcock 2:01.776 +7.902 15
16 GT 37 Craft-Bamboo Racing Anthony Liu 2:04.538 +10.664 16
17 LMP3 65 Viper Niza Racing Douglas Khoo 2:04.655 +10.781 17
18 GT 7 Al Manar Racing by GetSpeed Martin Konrad 2:04.889 +11.015 18
19 GT 42 Saintéloc Racing Alban Varutti 2:04.970 +11.096 19
20 GT 9 GetSpeed Steve Jans 2:05.307 +11.433 20
21 GT 33 Herberth Motorsport Antares Au 2:05.321 +11.447 21
22 GT 91 Pure Rxcing Alex Malykhin 2:05.447 +11.573 22
23 GT 66 Attempto Racing Andrey Mukovoz 2:05.507 +11.633 23
24 GT 93 Team Project 1 Darren Leung 2:06.600 +12.726 24
25 GT 69 Optimum Motorsport James Cottingham 2:06.698 +12.824 25
26 GT 11 Attempto Racing Ilya Gorbatsky 2:06.749 +12.875 26
27 GT 88 Triple Eight Prince Jefri Ibrahim 2:06.796 +12.922 27
28 GT 43 Saintéloc Racing Zhou Bihuang 2:06.816 +12.942 28
29 GT 27 Optimum Motorsport Mark Radcliffe 2:07.165 +13.291 29
30 GT 8 EBM Setiawan Santoso 2:07.174 +13.300 30
31 GT 86 GR Racing Michael Wainwright 2:07.181 +13.307 31
32 GT 19 Leipert Motorsport Gabriel Rindone 2:07.331 +13.457 32
33 GT 56 Team Project 1 Huilin Han 2:07.952 +14.078 33
34 GT 21 AF Corse François Heriau 2:08.081 +14.207 34
35 GT 77 D'Station Racing Satoshi Hoshino 2:15.746 +21.872 35
36 GT 95 TF Sport John Hartshorne 2:19.125 +25.251 36
37 GT 75 Team Motopark 37
38 GT 82 AF Corse 38
39 GT 84 EBM 39
Source:[14][8][9][15]

Race

Race result

The minimum number of laps for classification (70% of overall winning car's distance) was 75 laps. Class winners are marked in bold.

Final Classification[16]
Pos Class No. Team Drivers Car Tyres Laps Time/Gap
1 LMP2 4 CrowdStrike Racing by APR George Kurtz
Colin Braun
Malthe Jakobsen
Oreca 07 M 108 4:00:38.800
2 LMP2 99 99 Racing Ahmad Al Harthy
Nikita Mazepin
Louis Delétraz
Oreca 07 M 108 +8.927
3 LMP2 22 Proton Competition Giorgio Roda
Julien Andlauer
René Binder
Oreca 07 M 108 +9.342
4 LMP2 83 AF Corse François Perrodo
Matthieu Vaxivière
Alessio Rovera
Oreca 07 M 108 +15.742
5 LMP2 55 Proton Competition P. J. Hyett
Harry Tincknell
Paul-Loup Chatin
Oreca 07 M 108 +26.680
6 LMP2 3 DKR Engineering Alexander Mattschull
Tom Dillmann
Laurents Hörr
Oreca 07 M 108 +27.338
7 LMP2 30 Duqueine Team John Falb
Carl Bennett
Oliver Rasmussen
Oreca 07 M 108 +27.844
8 LMP2 90 TF Sport Salih Yoluç
Michael Dinan
Charlie Eastwood
Oreca 07 M 107 +1 Lap
9 LMP2 25 Algarve Pro Racing Chris McMurry
Freddie Tomlinson
Toby Sowery
Oreca 07 M 107 +1 Lap
10 LMP2 44 ARC Bratislava Miro Konôpka
Mathias Beche
Jonas Ried
Oreca 07 M 107 +1 Lap
11 LMP3 2 CD Sport Michael Jensen
Nick Adcock
Fabien Lavergne
Ligier JS P320 M 105 +3 Laps
12 LMP3 26 Bretton Racing Dan Skočdopole
Julien Gerbi
Mihnea Stefan
Ligier JS P320 M 104 +4 Laps
13 LMP3 17 Cool Racing James Winslow
Alexander Bukhantsov
Danial Frost
Ligier JS P320 M 104 +4 Laps
14 GT 91 Pure Rxcing Alex Malykhin
Klaus Bachler
Joel Sturm
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 101 +7 Laps
15 GT 42 Saintéloc Racing Christopher Haase
Gilles Magnus
Alban Varutti
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 101 +7 Laps
16 GT 27 Optimum Motorsport Mark Radcliffe
Rob Bell
Ollie Millroy
McLaren 720S GT3 Evo M 101 +7 Laps
17 GT 7 Al Manar Racing by GetSpeed Al Faisal Al Zubair
Martin Konrad
Fabian Schiller
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 101 +7 Laps
18 GT 69 Optimum Motorsport Sam De Haan
James Cottingham
Tom Gamble
McLaren 720S GT3 Evo M 101 +7 Laps
19 GT 88 Triple Eight Prince Jefri Ibrahim
Broc Feeney
Luca Stolz
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 101 +7 Laps
20 GT 33 Herberth Motorsport Antares Au
Tim Heinemann
Matteo Cairoli
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 101 +7 Laps
21 GT 37 Craft-Bamboo Racing Anthony Liu
Jules Gounon
Jayden Ojeda
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 101 +7 Laps
22 GT 95 TF Sport John Hartshorne
Ben Tuck
Jonathan Adam
Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3 M 101 +7 Laps
23 GT 93 Team Project 1 Darren Leung
Christian Bogle
Dan Harper
BMW M4 GT3 M 101 +7 Laps
24 GT 86 GR Racing Michael Wainwright
Benjamin Barker
Riccardo Pera
Ferrari 296 GT3 M 101 +7 Laps
25 GT 82 AF Corse Charles-Henri Samani
Emmanuel Collard
Kei Cozzolino
Ferrari 296 GT3 M 101 +7 Laps
26 GT 43 Saintéloc Racing Dennis Marschall
Paul Evrard
Zhou Bihuang
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 100 +8 Laps
27 GT 84 EBM Adrian D'Silva
Kerong Li
Earl Bamber
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 100 +8 Laps
28 GT 11 Attempto Racing Alexey Nesov
Sergey Titarenko
Ilya Gorbatsky
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 100 +8 Laps
29 GT 75 Team Motopark Lukas Dunner
Heiko Neumann
Morten Strømsted
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 100 +8 Laps
30 GT 77 D'Station Racing Satoshi Hoshino
Tomonobu Fujii
Casper Stevenson
Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3 M 100 +8 Laps
31 GT 56 Team Project 1 Sean Gelael
Maxime Oosten
Huilin Han
BMW M4 GT3 M 100 +8 Laps
Not classified
LMP2 24 Nielsen Racing Ian Loggie
Alejandro García
Ferdinand Habsburg
Oreca 07 M 105
LMP3 65 Viper Niza Racing Douglas Khoo
Dominic Ang
Joshua Burdon
Ligier JS P320 M 79
GT 19 Leipert Motorsport Gabriel Rindone
Brendon Leitch
Marco Mapelli
Lamborghini Huracán GT3 Evo 2 M 73
LMP3 20 High Class Racing Auðunn Guðmundsson
Anders Fjordbach
Seth Lucas
Ligier JS P320 M 70
GT 9 GetSpeed Anthony Bartone
Aaron Walker
Steve Jans
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo M 50
GT 8 EBM Setiawan Santoso
Tanart Sathienthirakul
Bastian Buus
Porsche 911 GT3 R (992) M 27
GT 21 AF Corse Simon Mann
François Heriau
Davide Rigon
Ferrari 296 GT3 M 26
GT 66 Attempto Racing Dylan Pereira
Alex Aka
Andrey Mukovoz
Audi R8 LMS Evo II M 24

Statistics

Fastest lap
Class Driver Team Time Lap
LMP2 Matthieu Vaxivière #83 AF Corse 1:53.009 87
LMP3 Joshua Burdon #65 Viper Niza Racing 2:01.837 77
GT Ben Tuck #95 TF Sport 2:04.999 94
Source:[17]

References

  1. ^ a b "High quality field set for the 2023-2024 Asian Le Mans Series". Endurance Info. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 2023 4 Hours of Sepang Information". MotorsportStats. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  3. ^ Goodwin, Graham (22 November 2023). "Asian Le Mans Series Reveals Sepang Line-Ups". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  4. ^ Euwema, Davey (22 November 2023). "Driver Lineups Confirmed in Final 39-Car Entry". SportsCar365. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  5. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 2023 4 Hours of Sepang Classification". MotorsportStats. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 2023 4 Hours of Sepang Classification". MotorsportStats. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Qualifying Final Classification" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Qualifying LMP2 and LMP3 Provisional Classification by Driver Fastest Lap" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Qualifying GT Provisional Classification by Driver Fastest Lap" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Race 1 (4 Hours +1 Lap) Final Starting Grid" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Race 1 Final Classification" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Race 1 Final Classification by Category" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Yoluc Propels TF Sport To Double Sepang Pole". DailySportsCar. 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  14. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Qualifying 2nd Best Lap Final Classification" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  15. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Race 2 (4 Hours) Final Starting Grid" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 3 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Race 2 Final Classification" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 3 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Asian Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Sepang Race 2 Final Classification by Category" (PDF). ALMS Alkamel. 3 December 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.