2023–24 Biathlon IBU Cup

2023–24 Biathlon IBU Cup
Discipline Men Women
Overall Mats Øverby Océane Michelon
U25 Mats Øverby Océane Michelon
Individual Mats Øverby Maren Kirkeeide
Sprint Johan-Olav Botn Océane Michelon
Pursuit Mats Øverby Océane Michelon
Mass start Martin Nevland Anaëlle Bondoux
Nations Cup  Norway  Norway
Mixed  Norway
Competition
Edition 16th 16th
Locations 8 8
Individual 23 23
Mixed 8 8

The 2023–24 Biathlon IBU Cup was a multi-race series over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union (IBU). It was the 16th edition for men and women of the second-rank international race series in biathlon after the Biathlon World Cup.[1][2]

The season started on 30 November 2023 in Kontiolahti, Finland and concluded on 9 March 2024 in Obertilliach, Austria.[3]

The highlight of the season was the 2024 IBU Open European Championships in Brezno-Osrblie, Slovakia. These competitions were also included in the rankings of the IBU Cup.

Endre Strømsheim from Norway (men's) and Tilda Johansson from Sweden (women's) were the reigning champion from the previous season, but they didn't defend the title.

Mats Øverby from Norway and Océane Michelon from France became the new overall champions.

Map of IBU Cup hosts

All 8 locations hosting IBU Cup events in this season (including Brezno-Osrblie – venue of the European Championships).

Kontiolahti Idre Fjäll Sjusjøen Martell-Val Martello

Europe

Ridnaun-Val Ridanna Brezno-Osrblie Arber Obertilliach

European Championships

Calendar

Stage Location Date Individual /
Short individual 		Sprint Pursuit Mass start Mixed relay Single mixed relay Details
1 Kontiolahti 30 November–3 December ● ● ● ●
2 Idre Fjäll 8–10 December ●● ●
3 Sjusjøen 13–16 December ● ● ●
4 Martell-Val Martello 4–7 January ● ● ●
5 Ridnaun-Val Ridanna 10–13 January ● ● ● ●
ECH Brezno-Osrblie 24–28 January ● ● ● ● ● European Championships
6 Arber 1–3 February ●●
7 Obertilliach 29 February–3 March ● ● ● ●
8 7–9 March ● ● ●
Total: 70 (31 men's, 31 women's, 8 mixed) 4 11 5 3 4 4

Men

Calendar

Key: IND – Individual / SIND – Short Individual / SPR – Sprint / PUR – Pursuit / MSS – Mass Start
# Date Place
(In brackets Stage) 		Discipline Winner Second Third R.
1 30 November 2023 Kontiolahti (1) 20 km IND Johan-Olav Botn Mats Øverby Martin Nevland [4]
2 2 December 2023 10 km SPR Johan-Olav Botn Philipp Horn Mats Øverby [5]
3 8 December 2023 Idre Fjäll (2) 10 km SPR Johan-Olav Botn Martin Nevland Martin Uldal [6]
4 9 December 2023 Philipp Horn Johan-Olav Botn Oscar Lombardot [7]
5 10 December 2023 12.5 km PUR Johan-Olav Botn Philipp Horn Martin Uldal [8]
6 13 December 2023 Sjusjøen (3) 10 km SPR Simon Kaiser Johan-Olav Botn Mats Øverby [9]
7 15 December 2023 12.5 km PUR Johan-Olav Botn Martin Uldal Martin Nevland [10]
8 16 December 2023 15 km MSS Martin Nevland Mats Øverby Johan-Olav Botn [11]
9 4 January 2024 Martell-Val Martello (4) 15 km SIND Vebjørn Sørum Mats Øverby Isak Frey [12]
10 6 January 2024 10 km SPR Isak Frey Mats Øverby Danilo Riethmüller [13]
11 7 January 2024 12.5 km PUR Isak Frey Vebjørn Sørum Danilo Riethmüller [14]
12 10 January 2024 Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (5) 10 km SPR Johan-Olav Botn Mats Øverby Danilo Riethmüller [15]
13 12 January 2024 15 km MSS Danilo Riethmüller Martin Nevland Antonin Guigonnat [16]
IBU Open European Championships 2024 (24–28 January)
14 24 January 2024 Brezno-Osrblie 20 km IND Vebjørn Sørum Johan-Olav Botn Martin Uldal [17]
15 26 January 2024 10 km SPR Antonin Guigonnat Johan-Olav Botn Isak Frey [18]
16 27 January 2024 12.5 km PUR Isak Frey Dmitrii Shamaev Antonin Guigonnat [19]
17 1 February 2024 Arber (6) 10 km SPR Martin Uldal Johan-Olav Botn Isak Frey [20]
18 3 February 2024 Johan-Olav Botn Martin Uldal Simon Kaiser [21]
19 29 February 2024 Obertilliach (7), (8) 10 km SPR Mats Øverby Sindre Fjellheim Jorde Sverre Dahlen Aspenes [22]
20 2 March 2024 12.5 km PUR Mats Øverby Martin Nevland Sindre Fjellheim Jorde [23]
21 7 March 2024 15 km SIND Mats Øverby Isak Frey Martin Uldal [24]
22 8 March 2024 10 km SPR Martin Uldal Isak Frey Sverre Dahlen Aspenes [25]
23 9 March 2024 15 km MSS Sverre Dahlen Aspenes Martin Uldal Martin Nevland [26]
16th IBU Cup Overall
(30 November 2023 – 9 March 2024) 		Mats Øverby Johan-Olav Botn Martin Nevland [27]

Overall leaders

No. Holder Date gained Place Date forfeited Place Number of competitions
1. Johan-Olav Botn 30 November 2023 Kontiolahti 7 March 2024 Obertilliach 20
2. Mats Øverby 7 March 2024 Obertilliach Overall Winner 3

Standings

Women

Calendar

Key: IND – Individual / SIND – Short Individual / SPR – Sprint / PUR – Pursuit / MSS – Mass Start
# Date Place
(In brackets Stage) 		Discipline Winner Second Third R.
1 30 November 2023 Kontiolahti (1) 15 km IND Jeanne Richard Maren Kirkeeide Karoline Erdal [40]
2 2 December 2023 7.5 km SPR Emilie Ågheim Kalkenberg Sara Andersson Océane Michelon [41]
3 8 December 2023 Idre Fjäll (2) 7.5 km SPR Johanna Puff Jenny Enodd Jeanne Richard [42]
4 9 December 2023 Karoline Erdal Juliane Frühwirth Anna-Karin Heijdenberg [43]
5 10 December 2023 10 km PUR Jenny Enodd Karoline Erdal Ella Halvarsson [44]
6 13 December 2023 Sjusjøen (3) 7.5 km SPR Océane Michelon Jeanne Richard Gro Randby [45]
7 15 December 2023 10 km PUR Anaëlle Bondoux Ida Lien Stina Nilsson [46]
8 16 December 2023 12.5 km MSS Julia Tannheimer Jenny Enodd Ida Lien [47]
9 4 January 2024 Martell-Val Martello (4) 12.5 km SIND Julia Kink Emily Schumann Stina Nilsson [48]
10 6 January 2024 7.5 km SPR Maren Kirkeeide Maya Cloetens Stina Nilsson [49]
11 7 January 2024 10 km PUR Gilonne Guigonnat Anna Andexer Johanna Puff [50]
12 10 January 2024 Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (5) 7.5 km SPR Gilonne Guigonnat Sara Scattolo Ida Lien [51]
13 12 January 2024 12.5 km MSS Johanna Puff Selina Grotian Ida Lien [52]
IBU Open European Championships 2024 (24–28 January)
14 24 January 2024 Brezno-Osrblie 15 km IND Maren Kirkeeide Alina Stremous Ema Kapustová [53]
15 26 January 2024 7.5 km SPR Ida Lien Maren Kirkeeide Khrystyna Dmytrenko [54]
16 27 January 2024 10 km PUR Maren Kirkeeide Emilie Ågheim Kalkenberg Océane Michelon [55]
17 1 February 2024 Arber (6) 7.5 km SPR Hannah Auchentaller Emilie Ågheim Kalkenberg Sara Scatollo [56]
18 3 February 2024 Karoline Erdal Camille Bened Lea Rothschopf [57]
19 29 February 2024 Obertilliach (7), (8) 7.5 km SPR Ragnhild Femsteinevik Océane Michelon Kristina Oberthaler [58]
20 2 March 2024 10 km PUR Marthe Kråkstad Johansen Océane Michelon Tereza Vinklárková [59]
21 7 March 2024 12.5 km SIND Lisa Maria Spark Chloé Chevalier Camille Bened [60]
22 8 March 2024 7.5 km SPR Stefanie Scherer Gro Randby Océane Michelon [61]
23 9 March 2024 12.5 km MSS Anaëlle Bondoux Océane Michelon Emily Schumann [62]
16th IBU Cup Overall
(30 November 2023 – 9 March 2024) 		Océane Michelon Jenny Enodd Karoline Erdal [63]

Overall leaders

No. Holder Date gained Place Date forfeited Place Number of competitions
1. Jeanne Richard 30 November 2023 Kontiolahti 10 December 2023 Idre Fjäll 4
2. Karoline Erdal 10 December 2023 Idre Fjäll 13 December 2023 Sjusjøen 1
3. Jeanne Richard 13 December 2023 Sjusjøen 4 January 2024 Martell-Val Martello 3
4. Jenny Enodd 4 January 2024 Martell-Val Martello 27 January 2024 Brezno-Osrblie 7
5. Ida Lien 27 January 2024 Brezno-Osrblie 1 February 2024 Arber 1
6. Jenny Enodd 1 February 2024 Arber 8 March 2024 Obertilliach 5
7. Océane Michelon 8 March 2024 Obertilliach Overall Winner 2

Standings

Mixed Relay

# Date Place
(In brackets Stage) 		Discipline Winner Second Third Leader
(After competition) 		R.
1 3 December 2023 Kontiolahti (1) 4 x 6 km  Norway
1. Maren Kirkeeide
2. Emilie Ågheim Kalkenberg
3. Johan-Olav Botn
4. Mats Øverby
  Sweden
1. Sara Andersson
2. Anna-Karin Heijdenberg
3. Emil Nykvist
4. Henning Sjökvist
  France
1. Jeanne Richard
2. Océane Michelon
3. Théo Guiraud-Poillot
4. Oscar Lombardot
  Norway [77]
2 6 km + 7.5 km
 Norway
1. Karoline Erdal
2. Martin Nevland
  France
1. Paula Botet
2. Rémi Broutier
  Italy
1. Sara Scatollo
2. Daniele Cappellari
 [78]
3 13 January 2024 Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (5) 4 x 6 km  Norway
1. Emilie Ågheim Kalkenberg
2. Ida Lien
3. Johan-Olav Botn
4. Mats Øverby
  Germany
1. Selina Grotian
2. Emily Schumann
3. Simon Kaiser
4. Danilo Riethmüller
  France
1. Gilonne Guigonnat
2. Anaëlle Bondoux
3. Damien Levet
4. Antonin Guigonnat
 [79]
4 6 km + 7.5 km
 Norway
1. Karoline Erdal
2. Vebjørn Sørum
  France
1. Camille Bened
2. Theo Guiraud Poillot
  Finland
1. Noora Kaisa Keränen
2. Tuomas Harjula
 [80]
5 28 January 2024 Brezno-Osrblie (ECH) 4 x 6 km  Norway
1. Isak Frey
2. Johan-Olav Botn
3. Ida Lien
4. Maren Kirkeeide
  France
1. Théo Guiraud-Poillot
2. Antonin Guigonnat
3. Océane Michelon
4. Camille Bened
  Italy
1. Nicola Romanin
2. Nicolò Betemps
3. Beatrice Trabucchi
4. Hannah Auchentaller
 [81]
6 6 km + 7.5 km
 Sweden
1. Anton Ivarsson
2. Sara Andersson
  Norway
1. Vebjørn Sørum
2. Emilie Ågheim Kalkenberg
  Austria
1. Patrick Jakob
2. Kristina Oberthaler
 [82]
7 3 March 2024 Obertilliach (7) 4 x 6 km  Norway
1. Åsne Skrede
2. Ragnhild Femsteinevik
3. Sindre Fjellheim Jorde
4. Mats Øverby
  Italy
1. Astrid Plosch
2. Francesca Brocchiero
3. Nicola Romanin
4. David Zingerle
  France
1. Camille Bened
2. Chloé Chevalier
3. Ambroise Meunier
4. Damien Levet
 [83]
8 6 km + 7.5 km
 Norway
1. Karoline Erdal
2. Martin Nevland
  France
1. Paula Botet
2. Émilien Claude
  Germany
1. Lisa Maria Spark
2. David Zobel
 [84]

Rankings

Podium table by nation

Table showing the World Cup podium places (gold–1st place, silver–2nd place, bronze–3rd place) by the countries represented by the athletes.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Norway36302187
2 Germany96722
3 France7101128
4 Sweden1258
5 Italy1236
6 Austria0134
7 Belgium0101
 Moldova0101
 Romania0101
10 Czech Republic0011
 Finland0011
 Slovakia0011
 Ukraine0011
Totals (13 entries)545454162

Points distribution

The table shows the number of points won in the 2023–24 Biathlon IBU Cup for men and women.[86]

Place 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Individual 90 75 60 50 45 40 36 34 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Sprint
Pursuit
Mass Start

Retirements

The following notable biathletes, who competed in the IBU Cup and never participated in the World Cup, are expected to retire during or after the 2023–24 season:

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ "International Biathlon Union". www.biathlonworld.com.
  2. ^ "Event and competition rules" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  3. ^ "IBU Cup Calendar". www.biathlonworld.com.
  4. ^ "Men's 20 km Individual: Kontiolahti (FIN)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  5. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Kontiolahti (FIN)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Idre Fjäll (SWE)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Idre Fjäll (SWE)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Men's 12.5 km Pursuit: Idre Fjäll (SWE)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Sjusjøen (NOR)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Men's 12.5 km Pursuit: Sjusjøen (NOR)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Men's 15 km Mass Start: Sjusjøen (NOR)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Men's 15 km Short Individual: Martell-Val Martello (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  13. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Martell-Val Martello (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  14. ^ "Men's 12.5 km Pursuit: Martell-Val Martello (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Men's 15 km Mass Start 60: Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  17. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Men's 20 km Individual: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  18. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Men's 10 km Sprint: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  19. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Men's 12.5 km Pursuit: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  20. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Arber (GER)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  21. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Arber (GER)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  22. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  23. ^ "Men's 12.5 km Pursuit: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Men's 15 km Short Individual: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Men's 10 km Sprint: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Men's 15 km Mass Start 60: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Men's IBU Cup Total Score" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Men's Total Score Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  29. ^ "Men's IBU Cup Total Score" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  30. ^ "Men's IBU Cup U25 Total Score" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  31. ^ "Men's Individual Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  32. ^ "Men's IBU Cup Individual" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  33. ^ "Men's Sprint Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  34. ^ "Men's IBU Cup Sprint" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  35. ^ "Men's Pursuit Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  36. ^ "Men's IBU Cup Pursuit" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  37. ^ "Men's Mass Start Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  38. ^ "Men's Nations Cup Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  39. ^ "Men's IBU Cup Nations Cup" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  40. ^ "Women's 15 km Individual: Kontiolahti (FIN)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Kontiolahti (FIN)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  42. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Idre Fjäll (SWE)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  43. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Idre Fjäll (SWE)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  44. ^ "Women's 10 km Pursuit: Idre Fjäll (SWE)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  45. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Sjusjøen (NOR)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  46. ^ "Women's 10 km Pursuit: Sjusjøen (NOR)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  47. ^ "Women's 12.5 km Mass Start: Sjusjøen (NOR)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  48. ^ "Women's 12.5 km Short Individual: Martell-Val Martello (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  49. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Martell-Val Martello (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  50. ^ "Women's 10 km Pursuit: Martell-Val Martello (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  51. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  52. ^ "Women's 12.5 km Mass Start 60: Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  53. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Women's 15 km Individual: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  54. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  55. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Women's 10 km Pursuit: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  56. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Arber (GER)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  57. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Arber (GER)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  58. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  59. ^ "Women's 10 km Pursuit: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  60. ^ "Women's 12.5 km Short Individual: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  61. ^ "Women's 7.5 km Sprint: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  62. ^ "Women's 12.5 km Mass Start 60: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  63. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Total Score" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  64. ^ "Women's Total Score Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  65. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Total Score" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  66. ^ "Women's IBU Cup U25 Total Score" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  67. ^ "Women's Individual Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  68. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Individual" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  69. ^ "Women's Sprint Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  70. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Sprint" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  71. ^ "Women's Pursuit Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  72. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Pursuit" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  73. ^ "Women's Mass Start Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  74. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Mass Start" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  75. ^ "Women's Nations Cup Points". www.biathlonworld.com.
  76. ^ "Women's IBU Cup Nations Cup" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  77. ^ "Mixed Relay: Kontiolahti (FIN)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  78. ^ "Single Mixed Relay: Kontiolahti (FIN)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  79. ^ "Mixed Relay: Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  80. ^ "Single Mixed Relay: Ridnaun-Val Ridanna (ITA)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  81. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Mixed Relay: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  82. ^ "IBU Open European Championships — Single Mixed Relay: Brezno-Osrblie (SVK)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  83. ^ "Mixed Relay: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  84. ^ "Single Mixed Relay: Obertilliach (AUT)" (PDF). IBU. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  85. ^ "IBU Cup Mixed Relay" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com.
  86. ^ "World Cup Points System" (PDF). www.biathlonworld.com. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  87. ^ "l'heure de la retraite a sonné pour Martin Bourgeois-République".
  88. ^ Биатлонист Первушин завершил карьеру во второй раз за 8 месяцев
  89. ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/C4ntLHrIKNb/?img_index=1
  90. ^ Chloé Bened met un terme à sa carrière
  91. ^ Zwei Siege für DSV-Team beim IBU Cup Saisonfinale Obertilliach
  92. ^ Vloni slavila medaile, ve 23 letech česká biatlonistka končí. Zdraví se mi zbláznilo, vysvětluje
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