1996 Ugandan parliamentary election
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276 seats to Parliament 139 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1996 Ugandan parliamentary election was held on 27 June 1996 to elect members to Uganda's new National Assembly. These elections marked the first parliamentary contest under the 1995 Constitution and were conducted under the National Resistance Movement's "Movement system," which prohibited political party competition while allowing individual candidates to contest seats.[1] The 276 seats in the new Parliament were contested by 814 candidates, of which 156 were won by supporters of the National Resistance Movement. Voter turnout was 56%.[2]
Background
The 1996 parliamentary elections took place seven weeks after Yoweri Museveni won Uganda's first direct presidential election on 9 May 1996. These elections were held under the framework established by the new Constitution promulgated in October 1995, which created a unicameral National Assembly of 276 members to replace the previous National Resistance Council.[1]
The elections were conducted under the Movement system that had been institutionalized in the 1995 Constitution. This system, championed by President Museveni, was based on the argument that traditional multi-party democracy was inappropriate for Uganda due to the country's history of ethnic and religious divisions that had been exploited by political parties in previous decades.[2]
Electoral system
The 1996 elections introduced several innovations in Uganda's electoral system:[3]
Constituency structure
The National Assembly was structured to include:[3]
- 214 constituency representatives elected by universal adult suffrage
- 56 women representatives (one from each district)
- 5 representatives for youth
- 5 representatives for people with disabilities
- 10 representatives for the army (later reduced)
Movement system rules
Under the Movement system, the elections operated under specific constraints:[3]
- All candidates were required to stand as individuals
- Political parties could not sponsor candidates or conduct campaigns
- Campaign activities had to focus on individual merit rather than party platforms
- The National Resistance Movement was considered the sole political organization, representing all Ugandans
Voter eligibility
All Ugandan citizens aged 18 and above were eligible to vote, with over 8.4 million Ugandans registered as voters for the election. The voter registration was distributed across Uganda's four main regions, with Buganda having the largest number of registered voters.[3]
Election day and conduct
The elections were held on 27 June 1996 across all constituencies in Uganda. Voting day was reportedly marked by no particular incidents, indicating a generally peaceful electoral process.[3]
Voter turnout
Voter turnout varied significantly across different regions of the country. Turnout was low in the capital Kampala but strong elsewhere, suggesting different levels of political engagement between urban and rural areas. The lower turnout in Kampala may have reflected greater skepticism about the Movement system among the more educated urban population.[4]
International observation
The elections were monitored by international observers, including teams from various international organizations. International observers declared the polling to have been "transparent, free and fair", though this assessment was controversial given the limitations placed on political competition. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) conducted long-term observation of both the presidential and parliamentary elections, providing detailed analysis of the electoral process under the Movement system.[4]
Results
The elections resulted in a clear victory for supporters of the National Resistance Movement, though the no-party system made it difficult to precisely categorize all winners.[3]
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independents | 4,665,185 | 100.00 | 214 | |
| Appointed or indirectly-elected members | 69 | |||
| Total | 4,665,185 | 100.00 | 283 | |
| Valid votes | 4,665,185 | 98.16 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 87,385 | 1.84 | ||
| Total votes | 4,752,570 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 8,492,154 | 55.96 | ||
| Source: Nohlen et al.[5] | ||||
Gender representation
The elections achieved significant representation for women, with 50 women elected to the 276-member parliament, representing approximately 18% of the total membership. This was a substantial improvement in women's parliamentary representation compared to previous elections, largely due to the reserved seats system established in the 1995 Constitution.[3]
Criticism and controversy
Despite international observer approval, the 1996 elections faced several criticisms:[6][7]
Limited political competition
Critics argued that the Movement system fundamentally limited political competition by prohibiting organized opposition activities. The opposition boycott was seen as evidence of the system's restrictive nature.[4]
Media restrictions
Opposition candidates and civil society organizations criticized restrictions on media access and campaign activities that favored the ruling Movement.[4]
Institutional bias
The electoral framework was criticized as being institutionally biased toward the NRM, making it difficult for genuine opposition to emerge and compete effectively.[4]
Democratic principles
Some observers questioned whether elections conducted under a no-party system could meet international standards for democratic governance, despite their peaceful conduct.[4]
References
- ^ a b "UGANDA: parliamentary elections National Parliament, 1996". Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1996. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
- ^ a b Elections in Uganda African Elections Database
- ^ a b c d e f g Nohlen, Dieter; Krennerich, Michael; Thibaut, Bernard (1999-07-22). Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829645-4.
- ^ a b c d e f "Uganda: Long-Term Observation of 1996 Presidential and Legislative Elections, May - July 1996". International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 1996. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
- ^ Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, pp933–934 ISBN 0-19-829645-2
- ^ William, Muhumuza (1997). "Money and Power in Uganda's 1996 Elections". African Journal of Political Science / Revue Africaine de Science Politique. 2 (1): 168–179. ISSN 1027-0353. JSTOR 23489779.
- ^ "How free and fair was the 1996 election?". Monitor. 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2025-06-23.