Étienne Lombard

Étienne Lombard (French pronunciation: [etjɛn lɔ̃baʁ]; 1869–1920) was a French otolaryngologist and surgeon who discovered the Lombard effect, in which a person's voice is involuntarily raised when speaking in a loud environment.[1][2][3][4]

He was at the Lariboisiere Hospital, the first "oto-rhino-laryngologiste des Hopitaux" in France.[1] He developed new surgical techniques and a new form of bone forceps.[4] During World War I he researched the effects of air blasts upon 600 aviators but was unable to continue this research due to an illness that resulted in his early death.[4]

The "symptom of the raised voice" was discovered in 1909.[2] It was made possible by the invention of a device by the Viennese physician Robert Bárány that delivered an intense noise to only one ear and so allowed the monaural examination of the other ear.[5] Using this device Lombard asked a person to start talking in conversation while hearing noise. He found that when the noise began, the person spoke louder, and when the noise stopped, the voice returned to a normal level.[1]pp. 678–680

The finding was reported to the French Academy of Sciences in August 1909,[2] and the following year in April to the French Academy of Medicine.[6] However, in 1910 German publications attributed this discovery to Robert Bárány, which led to a dispute in print between them. Priority was established when the English physician, Donald Schearer, described how he carried news of the discovery from Paris to Vienna in November 1909.[1]pp. 677–678 Bárány received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1914, for other work.

Lombard's discovery is important for four reasons.[1]

He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. A photo of him is reprinted in [7].

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Étienne Lombard.
  1. ^ a b c d e Lane H; Tranel B. (1971). "The Lombard sign and the role of hearing in speech". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 14 (4): 677–709. doi:10.1044/jshr.1404.677.
  2. ^ a b c Lombard É. (1909). Letter to the Academy of Sciences, No. 7527, August 30 (cited by Lane and Tranel 1971 page 678).
  3. ^ Lombard É (1911). "Le signe de l'élévation de la voix" [The sign of voice rise]. Annales des Maladies de l'Oreille et du Larynx. 37 (2): 101–119.
  4. ^ a b c Lermoyez M. (1921). "Étienne Lombard. (Paris, 1869-1920)". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 36: 47–48. doi:10.1017/S0022215100021575.
  5. ^ Bárány, Robert (July 1908). "Noise Apparatus for the Detection of Unilateral Deafness". The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology. 23 (7): 363–364. doi:10.1017/S1755146300181296. ISSN 1755-1463.
  6. ^ Lombard É. (1910). Sur un travail du Dr. Lombard, intitulé: Contribution á la Seméiologie de la Surditée, Un Nouveau Signe pour en Devoiler la Simulation, par M. Weiss, rapporteur. Bull. Acad. Nat. Med. (Par.), 64: 127-130, 1910. (trans, Sullivan RF. 1963. Report on Dr. Lombard's Original Research on the Voice Reflex Test for Malingering: Contribution à la séméiologie de la surdité, un nouveau signe pour en dévoiler la simulation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 56: 490-492. doi:10.3109/00016486309127441)
  7. ^ Brumm, Henrik; Zollinger, Sue Anne (2011). "The evolution of the Lombard effect: 100 years of psychoacoustic research". Behaviour. 148 (11/13): 1173–1198. doi:10.1163/000579511X605759. ISSN 0005-7959. JSTOR 41445240.
  • Lermoyez, Marcel (January 1921). "Étienne Lombard. (Paris, 1869-1920)". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 36 (1): 47–48. doi:10.1017/S0022215100021575. ISSN 0022-2151.
  • Fischer, Isidor (1932). Biographisches Lexikon 1880-1930. Berlin: Urban and Schwarzenberg. p. 938.
  • Bloch, A. (1949). "Allocution du Docteur André Bloch" [Speech of Doctor André Bloch]. Soc. Franc. Oto-rhino-laryng. (in French). 47: 57–67.
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